thg task assignment manager

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Auto-Set Process Affinity with THG Task Assignment Manager

In a previous article we talked about what process affinity is and how it can be manually changed in Windows . Basically, process affinity for a process sets the limit on number of processor cores that it can use. By changing the process affinity, you can tell Windows which cores of your CPU should be used for a particular process. This feature can be used for a number of reasons, for example, if a process is consuming too many of your system resources then you can limit it to use only half the number of CPU cores available so that your PC does not become unresponsive.

But the methods explained using the Task Manager and Process Explorer in the above mentioned article are volatile and set the affinity of a process as long as the process is running. Once the process ends, its affinity settings are also destroyed. If you want to ensure that the processes belonging to a particular application are always run with a specific process affinity setting, then you can use a free tool THG Task Assignment Manager.

This tool can automatically set the process affinity of a process when it detects that process running. In order to auto-set the affinity, you have to launch THG Task Assignment Manager and switch to the Application Profiles tab. Here you can select an application to the list by clicking on the Add button.

As soon as you select an application file (EXE), it will display the CPU selection window. In this window, you will see the number of cores or threads available for your CPU. You can select which of the cores should be used by the processes belonging to the selected application and click on the OK button.

After this whenever you launch the selected application, THG Task Assignment Manager will auto-set process affinity for it. But for this to work, you have to first run THG Task Assignment Manager and then launch the target application.

You can download THG Task Assignment Manager from https://www.tomshardware.com/ .

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THG Task Assignment Manager

Discussion in ' Business & Enterprise Computing ' started by thetron , Aug 12, 2004 .

thetron Member

http://www.tomshardware.com/cpu/20040528/index.html Runs in the background and can manage automatically. Aslong as you setup by setting up specific application to use that CPU  

elvis OCAU's most famous and arrogant know-it-all

I saw that a while back. What a complete load of BS. Let the OS manage the process/thread load in your system. Setting processor affinities really is a complete waste of time, as is this tool.  

achtung2600 (Banned or Deleted)

Originally posted by elvis Setting processor affinities really is a complete waste of time, as is this tool. Click to expand...

THG is nothing more than a cash for comments sit. I'd ignore anything they have to say. Anandtech, Arstechnica, XBitLabs and a host of others (including OCAU) are far more reliable and trustworthy than Tom's. Moving on to the topic at hand... The Windows NT, 2000, XP and 2003 kernels all do a great job at handling SMP. Very basically speaking, any thread that enters the process queue is given to the CPU with the least amount of CPU time assigned to it. This is fairly standard in your average pre-emptive multi-tasking and multi-threaded Operating System kernel. To then go and set these affiities by hand is a waste of time. Your CPU probably runs around 2GHz or more. That is 2 billion operations every second. Just try and thing about how long 2 billion simple maths sums would take you to do. Now Microsoft have been at this kernel business for a while. WinNT3.1 was the first "real" 32bit kernel. NT4 was the first to support SMP. Then 2K, and now 2003. I'm not a huge fan of Microsoft, but it's their higher-level applications that shit me more than anything. Their kernel design works quite well, and can be quite stable. In a multi-tasking OS you have at any time upwards of a dozen processes running. Just open your task manager and see for yourself. Now, Tom's are trying to tell us that a CPU that can calulcate it's own CPU preferences 2 billion times a second is somehow inferior to some moron pinking a single process out of a dozen or more, and assigning it to a single CPU? And then on top of that he shows us some "benchmarks" where one system takes 192 seconds to complete a task, and the other 191 seconds. HOLY COW A WHOLE 0.5% DIFFERENCE! Stuffing about with HT settings produced more of a difference than that. Hell, a new stick of RAM would probably do more than that! So then a whole bunch of kiddies go out and hand-set their CPU affinities. They'll do this what... 1-2 times a day? Still not as quick as 2 billion times a second, is it? I work with some pretty powerful SMP machines, and some pretty full-on software to match. Never in the last 5 years have I bothered to do this "tweak". It's completely pointless, and is nothing more than a task to have you spinnng your wheels for an hour a day. Let the kernel handle what it's designed to handle. I can tell you now, it does a hell of a lot better job than you or I (and especially Tom and co, who are nothing more than few rich doctor chums with too much spare money and time).  

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Use process affinity to lock application to a single core

Microsoft Windows NT has supported multiple CPU’s from the beginning, and the process scheduler can switch the execution of applications from one CPU to another incase a CPU becomes overloaded. But many older applications are optimized for a single core operation and actually performs slower (or crashes) if Microsoft Windows is allowed to switch the application between CPU’s.

The actual performance benefit from locking an old application to a single core is very minimal, so this advice is mostly for the old applications that actually crashes when run on a multi core computer. It can also be a possible solution if the timing in a game is a bit off, or there are sound delays.

Set process affinity using the Task Manager

By launching the Task Manager (CTRL+SHIFT+ESC) then one can right-click any running process and choose “Set Affinity…”. The change will last until the process stops, and will not be remembered the next time the process starts.

It is an easy way to check if an issue can be solved using process affinity. But some games might not handle the switch from fullscreen to Task Manager and back again without crashing.

Set process affinity using 3rd party application.

• PsExec - Launches the application with the wanted process affinity.
• StartAffinity - Works like PsExec.
• THG Task Assignment Manager - Detects when an application is launched and applies the wanted process affinity.
• Core Affinity - Works like THG Task Assignment.
• CPU Control - Works like THG Task Assignment.
• SMP Seesaw - Works on Windows NT4.

Set process affinity by modifying the executable

imagecfg.exe is part of the Microsoft support tools and resource kits and can modify an application to use the wanted process affinity.

imagecfg -a 0x1 c:\folder\myapp.exe

Set process affinity programmatically

• SetThreadAffinityMask
• Process.ProcessorAffinity

Locking the MSDOS subsystem to a single CPU

Like all other processes the MSDOS subsystem can also be moved between CPU’s. But where some applications can perform worse when between switched between CPU’s, then it can actually cause the MSDOS subsystem to crash or lock entirely.

If going down the road of modifying the executable, then one will see that on Windows 2000/XP that ntvdm.exe is protected by Windows File Protection . The solution is to move the ntvdm.exe to another folder and modify this, and the change the registry to use the modified version:

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \SYSTEM \CurrentControlSet \Control \WOW] CmdLine = “…” WowCmdLine = “…”

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THG Task Assignment Manager V1.0

#1 Post by chirag64 » Thu May 20, 2010 10:08 am

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How can I set the default affinity for any process in Windows?

I want to run some benchmarks on Windows 7. These benchmarks have to do with hyper-threading on a multi-core CPU. For this, I want to ensure that only the benchmarks are running on their own logical processor. Is there any way to tell Windows to not schedule anything on there certain logical processors, unless I allow it explicitly for a process?

Doing this manually in the task manager, one process at a time, is not an option. I want to be able to do this repeatedly (I will be running many benchmarks many times). I know how to programmatically set the affinity for the current running process.

Is there any configuration that can allow me to set the default affinity for all processes?

• 1 Might be better off stopping "system things" so they dont get in the way and increasing the priority and setting affinity for the benchmarks themselves, so other fuctions will only be able to use the leftover one. What do you do when the benchmark itself relies heavily ON various functions you park to the side? could effect results? EX: many benches for Disk I/O are using caches even when that is supposedly bypassing them. –  Psycogeek Commented Oct 23, 2011 at 13:48
• There was an old program for XP that I used for this purpose, not sure if it can be found for download now... tomshardware.com/reviews/bang-dual-processing-buck,815-3.html –  Moab Commented Oct 23, 2011 at 15:29
• I have a copy of "THG task assignment manager" if you would like to try it on W7. –  Moab Commented Oct 23, 2011 at 15:34

3 Answers 3

Process Lasso supports this! It comes with a free and paid version, CPU affinities is always free...

Just fill in a * in the Name match field, which will target all processes.

I think you can then add your programs to have another affinity, the order in which you enter the rules might matter. Also, you can tick More strictly enforce default affinities at the bottom.

• I use a similar utility for Folding@home. –  surfasb Commented Oct 23, 2011 at 18:25
• Note that some "system things", like interrupt handling and DPCs, will not be affected. There may also be permiision issues trying to set affinities for system threads and protected system processes. –  Jamie Hanrahan Commented Feb 3, 2016 at 18:48
• I managed to do exactly what was asked using this tool. I added a * rule for logical cores 0-3 and a "javaw" rule for 4-7, then used JNA from my Java program to set affinity to cores 4 and 6. Worked like a charm, my 2 threads had the cores all to themselves. Even confirmed memory visibility taking effect using sun.misc.Unsafe store/load fences. –  Alexandros Commented Sep 15, 2018 at 11:15

If you go into task manager processes and right click on the process you should be able to select the affinity.

To disable a core you can use msconfig. I don't think you can enable it on a per-process basis.

• OK, I should've been clearer. I want to set the affinity of all processes to use only logical processors 0 and 1, and enable only the processes that I want to to use 2 and 3. Doing manually for each process is not an option. –  Nathan Fellman Commented Oct 23, 2011 at 12:12
• @NathanFellman Yeah, I realized that after I posted. Have you tried disabling them with msconfig->system configuration->advanced? –  Pubby Commented Oct 23, 2011 at 12:14
• no, I don't know how to do that :-) –  Nathan Fellman Commented Oct 23, 2011 at 12:15
• @NathanFellman I saw it from this: en.kioskea.net/faq/616-multicore-cpu-how-to-disable-a-core Never done it so not sure if it will work in your situation. –  Pubby Commented Oct 23, 2011 at 12:16
• Open your start menu
• type msconfig , and hit enter
• Go to the tab marked as boot
• Highlight the OS of your choice, and hit advanced options.
• Check number of processors, and use however many you want.

This causes windows (and everything else) to see and use only the specified number of processors . So it effectively completely disables the rest. It will (and can) never use more than the number of available cores).

• But will this allow me to assign only certain processes to the "disabled" processors? It seems to me that this will keep all of the processes off of the processor I want to keep clear, including my benchmark. –  Nathan Fellman Commented Oct 23, 2011 at 13:15
• @NathanFellman I'm actually not entirely sure - perhaps you could test that? –  Simon Sheehan Commented Oct 23, 2011 at 13:30
• 1 @NathanFellman: /NUMPROC=number sets the number of processors that Windows will run at startup. With this switch, you can force a multiprocessor system to use only the quantity of processors (number) that you specify. This switch can help you troubleshoot performance problems and defective CPUs. — See Support . This does mean that the processors can't be used anymore once you limit them. –  Tamara Wijsman Commented Oct 23, 2011 at 13:41

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Using 1 CPU core for anti-virus

• Thread starter Hatman
• Start date Dec 16, 2007
• Tags CPUs Processors

Distinguished

• Dec 16, 2007

You can use the Task-Managers Processes tab to assign a process to a specific core. Apart from that, i think your idea isn't that brilliant. The Virus-Scan does more than use your CPU-Core.  

Heh... Quadcore=useless... Then give it to me!! :lol: Not exactly sure if you can do that, since there are different programs relating to it. For example I run Avast! and it runs more then one program for email/web/ect. You would end up setting the affinity for allot of the different threads for the program itself. I'd say just leave it alone... or if you really want to mess around with it: Download the THG Task Assignment Manager You can use that program to set affinity to particular programs. It doesn't have a minimize button, but it will minimize. You can also set the shortcut to start as minimized for the startup folder.... but that is the thing.. the anitvirus may startup before the THG task assignment. The only other way is just to use task manager, right click on the program and set its affinity from there.  

Shadow703793

^Agreed. :lol:  

Hi all, Running with core assignments can be useful. However I don't think virus scanning is CPU intensive enough to justify it!! Windows hasn't a clue how to assign processes to individual cores and does need some help if you want total efficiency!! AutoIt scripting supports this now and is quite easy to use. As an example I have written an AutoIt script to assign x264 encoder worker processes. My system really blasts through batched encodes with 1 worker process (2-way threaded) per single-core processor (dual-processor system). Left to its own devices Windows keeps moving the 2 processes around. The CPU utilization drops from 100% to about 80% and the FPS encoding rate roughly halves... NB The THG task assigner utility is buggy as hell and doesn't run under Windows x64. It also cannot assign processes with the same name to different cores. Whereas with AutoIt you can single processes by their unique PID (process ID). This can be useful as in the above example or for example to farm out multiple DVD burner processes (to minimise context switching overheads). Bob  

Thanks! Il look into that. Btw anti virus was just an example theres plenty of things that I can put on the cores that arent being used. MSN, music, monitering tools etc. Thanks BobWya  

Hatman : Thanks! Il look into that. Btw anti virus was just an example theres plenty of things that I can put on the cores that arent being used. MSN, music, monitering tools etc. Thanks BobWya Anti-virus was a bad example the CPU time used is minimal. The thing that it will use the harddrive read/writes. So if you want to run a scan 24/7 you would actually slow your machine down something chronic, with the hard drive being constantly read from you will also lower its life expectancy.  

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Best CPU Affinity Control Software?

Discussion in ' General Software and Applications ' started by djjonastybe , Jan 8, 2012 .

djjonastybe Guest

I am looking for software to control CPU affinity I have some single core based games for example I want to restrict to a specific core and all other software to another one.  

Pill Monster Guest

If it's just for games, use RadeonPro - otherwise I recommend Prio .  

MerolaC Ancient Guru

I was searching for a Task manger enhancer that was free. And, wow. Prio is awesome. Thanks a lot Pill.  

MerolaC said: ↑ I was searching for a Task manger enhancer that was free. And, wow. Prio is awesome. Thanks a lot Pill. Click to expand...

pogostickio Master Guru

Task Assign is another good application for limiting cpu cores. http://www.app-stick.com/appDetail.php?appid=taskassign i'm having trouble finding a download link so send me a PM and i'll email you the one I have.  

Watcher Ancient Guru

System Explorer can also be used to set Affinity. System Explorer is also an excellent system information utility / Task Manager. http://systemexplorer.net/ http://www.softpedia.com/get/System/System-Info/System-Explorer.shtml Detailed information about Tasks, Processes, Modules, Startups, IE Addons, Uninstallers, Windows, Services, Drivers, Connections and Opened Files. Easy check of suspicious files via VirusTotal, Jotti service or our File Database. Easy monitoring of processes activities and System changes. Usage graphs of important System resources. Tray Hint with detailed System and Battery status WMI Browser and System Additional Info Multilanguage Support or if your looking to start an application with a certain Affinity, read the following information: Start an Application Assigned to a Specific CPU in Windows Vista http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/wind...-assigned-to-a-specific-cpu-in-windows-vista/ or use: RunWithAffinity 1.0.2 http://www.wieldraaijer.nl/others.html Home Page: http://www.wieldraaijer.nl/  

Tat3 Ancient Guru

Pill Monster said: ↑ If it's just for games, use RadeonPro - otherwise I recommend Prio . Click to expand...

We should make a sticky of this but definately single core based games benefit from affinity. Like assigning core 1 to that game. And assigning the 7 others to all other software !  

THG Task Assignment Manager can be downloaded from here: http://www.portablefreeware.com/?id=1393 Bottom of page: http://www.mediafire.com/?6b9f114oavnvvyy program reviewed here: Getting More Bang Out of Your Dual Processing Buck http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/bang-dual-processing-buck,815.html  

EspHack Ancient Guru

Tat3 & EspHack, you guys are welcome...glad you like it.  

Prio is doing a good job here ! I am now trying to figure out to make my own. I am making one that has a focus mode. eg: ArmA/CoD4 use one core only So we use my tool to set affinity to one core! And focus mode makes sure no other software runs on that core. Is that a good idea or not? I also wanted to save affinity for processes. So I was hoping for a all in one solution. In NET Framework I also discovered more options aside priority and affinity. So I thought we could give 'em a try.  

Are there any features you guys would like to see on top of Prio? I can remake it in C#. It will be more resource heavy ofcourse. but it will do a better job  

djjonastybe said: ↑ Are there any features you guys would like to see on top of Prio? I can remake it in C#. It will be more resource heavy ofcourse. but it will do a better job Click to expand...

Well if I can get it to work I will make it for you. My application will also have the feature: - Focus Mode: Choose a application or game and dedicate a certain core or certain cores to that application. And it will make sure no other application will use that specific core. It will also make sure that game runs in two possible ways: - Responsive (Realtime) - Very high (will have priority over other software) Note that realtime and very high are different from eachother... In my opinion faster CPUs benefit from realtime while slower benefit more from very high. Focus mode will also prevent other programs interrupting the performance of your favorite application Focus mode does however not work when assigning all cores. When you have a eight core cpu, you can assign 7 cores to the game and 1 core to the rest of your applications. This way you can also benefit from focus mode Isn't that great? Or am I thinking wrong?  

Focus Mode of my Advanced Task Manager is almost finished. I will post benchmarks from OFP as soon as possible ! Are there other people with quadcores or eight cores willing to test ?  

This thread has peaked my interest in Affinity once again. Looking through my files from my last venture, I came across a program that I can't believe that I forgot about. It's called Bill2's Process Manager. The program earned a 5 Star rating from Softpedia. Read the review here: http://www.softpedia.com/reviews/windows/Bill2-039-s-Process-Manager--Review-88317.shtml Download from here: http://www.softpedia.com/get/System/System-Info/Bill2-s-Process-Manager.shtml The home page is in French so you will need to translate into a language you can read, [ unless you can read French ]. http://www.bill2-software.com/processmanager/index.shtml Graph of comparisons with similar programs. Again, in French, but easily understood even if you do not translated the page. http://www.bill2-software.com/processmanager/compare.shtml  

Looks heavier than Prio Still it's better. I think this one is going to be a win. Good find!  

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How to Disable a CPU Core

I was recently asked how to turn off a CPU core in a dual-core computer. Depending on your need, there are actually 3 ways to accomplish it .

The first method disables cores for the whole system. The second turns them off for a specific program. Finally, you may just want to shut off those fake Hyperthreading cores.

Turning off CPU Cores in Windows

This method literally turns off cores in Windows. Just go into msconfig. See the image below.

Solid Tip: Go to Start > Run > msconfig > Boot tab > Advanced options > Number of Processors

Disable Cores for Specific Programs

If you only want to disable cores for a particular application, you can set your “CPU affinity” in task manager.

Solid Tip: Press Ctrl+Alt+Del > Start Task Manager > Processes Tab > right click desired program > Set Affinity

Disable Hyperthreading Cores

An Intel dual-core has 4 “logical” cores and a quad-core has 8 “logical” cores, thanks to Hyperthreading. Most people think Hyperthreading is a joke. It also makes your CPU run hotter, and 99% of users will never see any benefit if it exists.

You can disable these “logical” cores in the mainboard BIOS. This option should be listed as “Hyperthreading [Enabled/Disabled]” in your BIOS options. This is for Intel CPUs only. AMD does not use Hyperthreading (and Hyper Transport has nothing to do with that).

Intel Core i7 shows up as i5

Core i7 stock voltage and safe temperatures.

Why Do I Have 2 explorer.exe Processes?

CORE i7 860 Overclocking

Evga gtx 260 core 216 solid review, 14 comments.

Is there any way to set cores off-limits universally to all but a specific program? Say I have a quad-core machine and a very important and high-CPU application that I can’t have halting. I can set affinity for that program to specific cores, but how do I keep other applications from using those cores without manually setting affinity for every process in the machine?

To summarize, is there any way to tell Windows “I only want [this] to run on [these cores] and nothing else is allowed to”?

Actually, you are in luck. You can try freeware programs like “ THG Task Assignment Manager ” or “ Edgemeal Get and Set CPU Affinity “. They can set multiple affinities at once.

I have not used them or others like them (which means I am not endorsing them), but they are helpful for people who run F@H, for example.

Or this link… it’s largely in French, but there’s always Google Translate

http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bill2-software.com%2Fprocessmanager%2F&sl=fr&tl=en&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

What if I want to disable a specific core? I have one core of my quad core that runs about 10 degrees hotter. it is the third core, so I’d want to run only cores 1,2,4.

If you want to do it across the board, then you have to try some 3rd party program or you are stuck manually setting it for every program.

Go to Bios, CPU Configuration, switch 3rd core to OFF and press F10 to save and exit.

Edgemeal Get and Set CPU Affinity < that is exactly what ive been looking for for months, perfect, thanks

AMD doesn’t use HyperThreading, but it does use a paired core architecture for Bulldozer and beyond where each pair of logical CPU cores shares some computational units and caches, and thus the OS has to be aware of them in the same way as it has to be aware of HT cores.

I recently turned off my cores from 8 to 1 and upon tebooting the device it started acting up. I cannot access any of my documents despite windows trying to run diagnostics. All the machine displays is that it has run into a problem and windows will try to fix reapeatedly..kindly assist

Tried some dif changes mainly to get an old game called Call of Juarez to work, it has issues with 8 cores but works with 1 to 6 cores. Tried running just the game with a set amout of cores but didn´t work, Then i tried a couple of different settings with either windows 10 controlling tru boot settings or directly tru bios, and i found that running an 8 core AMD processor at 1 core made the whole platform unstable and not working due to overload. 3,5 and 7 cores also showed some strange disturbance. But running with 2,4,6 cores the platform was stable,always ran (2 cores 1+2, 3+4, 5+6, 7+8) (4 cores 1+2+3+4, 3+4+5+6, 5+6+7+8) (6 cores 1+2+3+4+5+6, 3+4+5+6+7+8) When i tried disabling inbetween a row i ended up getting unstability during stress tests. Might be just my platform but if not it seams that there linked in pairs and not working correct if not both are active or diabled.

And for Andrews problem, i would gess it´s due to overload, try run with 2 cores and i bet it will work, or try run 1 core + failsafe start with minimal setting to lower load on core.

The original post here is seven years old, so a lot has changed since back then (so with 8 cores, it’s a whole new ballgame).

However, I remember we had an article specifically for Call of Juarez – a great game- and getting it running. It has some issues with black screens or crashing so check that article out using our search bar.

With AMD Bulldozer/Piledriver/excavator, each pair of cores shares one FPU and cache. If you disable one core of the pair, chances are that you disable that FPU and some of the cache, so the other cannot use it and is trying to. So, as you have shown, each odd core needs its even to function properly. So, if you must disable it must be in pairs like core 0/1, 2/3, 4/5, 6/7. This is my logic as to why it causes instability when disabling only one core.

my core is 2 and 4 logical processors but i did something and it has been disabled to 1 core and 2 logical processors . is there any soloution . my laptop is lenovo ideapad 110 15isk with amd radeon r5 m430 and Intel (r) core(TM) i7-6498DU CPU @ 2.50GHz. what do i do ?

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Getting More Bang Out of Your Dual Processing Buck

Benchmarks: when should you use it, when not.

• Page 1: Getting The Most Out Of Software By Properly Assigning Threads
• Page 2: Generally Unusable: Windows Task Manager
• Page 3: An Easier Way: THG Task Assignment Manager
• Page 4: Hardware Configuration
• Page 5: Benchmarks: When Should You Use It, When Not?
• Page 6: Video
• Page 7: Applications
• Page 8: Synthetic
• Page 9: Synthetic - DirectX 9

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Current page: Benchmarks: When Should You Use It, When Not?

Qualcomm Snapdragon X Plus octa-core CPU benchmarks leaked — decent CPU prowess but terrible GPU performance compared to 10-core variant

MSI releases firmware with 105W TDP mode for Ryzen 5 9600X and Ryzen 7 9700X — multi-core performance boosted by up to 13%

Intel Arrow Lake and Lunar Lake CPUs are unaffected by crashing issues — Vmin Shift Instability issue only impacts 13th and 14th Gen CPUs

• MorningDarkstar Nice idea! Only one major malfunction - No minimize button! Most of us do not want to be annoyed by having this app open all the time.... Better yet would be a nice little icon sitting in the taskbar available instantly and automatically each time Windoz is started.... Reply
• GameR I have heard many good things about this but for me it wont work on ether of my computers.The first cpu is a dual core with xp os.The second is a Qcore with vista 64.The games im trying to assighn still only use the one core :(.But very nifty tool for most users. Reply
• jonnyt822 If you want to minimize the application, just need to create a batch file (.bat) and write this command: start /m C:\taskassign\TaskAssign.exe Reply
• pxegeek Please fix the link to the utility! Chris Reply
• dwebb5 Century22: Please find this software. The Download is not working. Reply
• I know this is like... way dead, but I was reading here and then found that the download was broken, a quick Google search revealed the answer to me and I figured I would post it here for convenience. http://www.portablefreeware.com/?id=1393 Reply
• Here is a download link: http://www.mediafire.com/?b3io2coj3h8hc1n Reply
• http://img.tomshardware.com/us/2004/05/28/getting_more_bang_out_of_your_dual_processing_buck/taskassign.zip Reply
• userhead start /min C:\taskassign\TaskAssign.exe Reply
• View All 9 Comments

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