write an essay on cigarette

Essay on Smoking

500 words essay on smoking.

One of the most common problems we are facing in today’s world which is killing people is smoking. A lot of people pick up this habit because of stress , personal issues and more. In fact, some even begin showing it off. When someone smokes a cigarette, they not only hurt themselves but everyone around them. It has many ill-effects on the human body which we will go through in the essay on smoking.

Ill-Effects of Smoking

Tobacco can have a disastrous impact on our health. Nonetheless, people consume it daily for a long period of time till it’s too late. Nearly one billion people in the whole world smoke. It is a shocking figure as that 1 billion puts millions of people at risk along with themselves.

Cigarettes have a major impact on the lungs. Around a third of all cancer cases happen due to smoking. For instance, it can affect breathing and causes shortness of breath and coughing. Further, it also increases the risk of respiratory tract infection which ultimately reduces the quality of life.

In addition to these serious health consequences, smoking impacts the well-being of a person as well. It alters the sense of smell and taste. Further, it also reduces the ability to perform physical exercises.

It also hampers your physical appearances like giving yellow teeth and aged skin. You also get a greater risk of depression or anxiety . Smoking also affects our relationship with our family, friends and colleagues.

Most importantly, it is also an expensive habit. In other words, it entails heavy financial costs. Even though some people don’t have money to get by, they waste it on cigarettes because of their addiction.

How to Quit Smoking?

There are many ways through which one can quit smoking. The first one is preparing for the day when you will quit. It is not easy to quit a habit abruptly, so set a date to give yourself time to prepare mentally.

Further, you can also use NRTs for your nicotine dependence. They can reduce your craving and withdrawal symptoms. NRTs like skin patches, chewing gums, lozenges, nasal spray and inhalers can help greatly.

Moreover, you can also consider non-nicotine medications. They require a prescription so it is essential to talk to your doctor to get access to it. Most importantly, seek behavioural support. To tackle your dependence on nicotine, it is essential to get counselling services, self-materials or more to get through this phase.

One can also try alternative therapies if they want to try them. There is no harm in trying as long as you are determined to quit smoking. For instance, filters, smoking deterrents, e-cigarettes, acupuncture, cold laser therapy, yoga and more can work for some people.

Always remember that you cannot quit smoking instantly as it will be bad for you as well. Try cutting down on it and then slowly and steadily give it up altogether.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Conclusion of the Essay on Smoking

Thus, if anyone is a slave to cigarettes, it is essential for them to understand that it is never too late to stop smoking. With the help and a good action plan, anyone can quit it for good. Moreover, the benefits will be evident within a few days of quitting.

FAQ of Essay on Smoking

Question 1: What are the effects of smoking?

Answer 1: Smoking has major effects like cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and more. It also increases the risk for tuberculosis, certain eye diseases, and problems with the immune system .

Question 2: Why should we avoid smoking?

Answer 2: We must avoid smoking as it can lengthen your life expectancy. Moreover, by not smoking, you decrease your risk of disease which includes lung cancer, throat cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, and more.

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Persuasive Essay Guide

Persuasive Essay About Smoking

Persuasive Essay About Smoking - Making a Powerful Argument with Examples

What You Need To Know About Persuasive Essay

A persuasive essay is a type of writing that aims to convince its readers to take a certain stance or action. It often uses logical arguments and evidence to back up its argument in order to persuade readers.

It also utilizes rhetorical techniques such as ethos, pathos, and logos to make the argument more convincing. In other words, persuasive essays use facts and evidence as well as emotion to make their points.

A persuasive essay about smoking would use these techniques to convince its readers about any point about smoking. Check out an example below:

Simple persuasive essay about smoking

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Persuasive Essay Examples About Smoking

Smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable death in the world. It leads to adverse health effects, including lung cancer, heart disease, and damage to the respiratory tract. However, the number of people who smoke cigarettes has been on the rise globally.

A lot has been written on topics related to the effects of smoking. Reading essays about it can help you get an idea of what makes a good persuasive essay.

Here are some sample persuasive essays about smoking that you can use as inspiration for your own writing:

Persuasive speech on smoking outline

Persuasive essay about smoking should be banned

Persuasive essay about smoking pdf

Persuasive essay about smoking cannot relieve stress

Persuasive essay about smoking in public places

Speech about smoking is dangerous

Persuasive Essay About Smoking Introduction

Persuasive Essay About Stop Smoking

Short Persuasive Essay About Smoking

Stop Smoking Persuasive Speech

Check out some more persuasive essay examples on various other topics.

Argumentative Essay About Smoking Examples

An argumentative essay is a type of essay that uses facts and logical arguments to back up a point. It is similar to a persuasive essay but differs in that it utilizes more evidence than emotion.

If you’re looking to write an argumentative essay about smoking, here are some examples to get you started on the arguments of why you should not smoke.

Argumentative essay about smoking pdf

Argumentative essay about smoking in public places

Argumentative essay about smoking introduction

Check out the video below to find useful arguments against smoking:

Tips for Writing a Persuasive Essay About Smoking

You have read some examples of persuasive and argumentative essays about smoking. Now here are some tips that will help you craft a powerful essay on this topic.

Choose a Specific Angle

Select a particular perspective on the issue that you can use to form your argument. When talking about smoking, you can focus on any aspect such as the health risks, economic costs, or environmental impact.

Think about how you want to approach the topic. For instance, you could write about why smoking should be banned.

Check out the list of persuasive essay topics to help you while you are thinking of an angle to choose!

Research the Facts

Before writing your essay, make sure to research the facts about smoking. This will give you reliable information to use in your arguments and evidence for why people should avoid smoking.

You can find and use credible data and information from reputable sources such as government websites, health organizations, and scientific studies.

For instance, you should gather facts about health issues and negative effects of tobacco if arguing against smoking. Moreover, you should use and cite sources carefully.

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Make an Outline

The next step is to create an outline for your essay. This will help you organize your thoughts and make sure that all the points in your essay flow together logically.

Your outline should include the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. This will help ensure that your essay has a clear structure and argument.

Use Persuasive Language

When writing your essay, make sure to use persuasive language such as “it is necessary” or “people must be aware”. This will help you convey your message more effectively and emphasize the importance of your point.

Also, don’t forget to use rhetorical devices such as ethos, pathos, and logos to make your arguments more convincing. That is, you should incorporate emotion, personal experience, and logic into your arguments.

Introduce Opposing Arguments

Another important tip when writing a persuasive essay on smoking is to introduce opposing arguments. It will show that you are aware of the counterarguments and can provide evidence to refute them. This will help you strengthen your argument.

By doing this, your essay will come off as more balanced and objective, making it more convincing.

Finish Strong

Finally, make sure to finish your essay with a powerful conclusion. This will help you leave a lasting impression on your readers and reinforce the main points of your argument. You can end by summarizing the key points or giving some advice to the reader.

A powerful conclusion could either include food for thought or a call to action. So be sure to use persuasive language and make your conclusion strong.

To conclude,

By following these tips, you can write an effective and persuasive essay on smoking. Remember to research the facts, make an outline, and use persuasive language.

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How To Write A Smoking Essay That Will Blow Your Classmates out of the Water

Writing a Smoking Essay. Complete Actionable Guide

A smoking essay might not be your first choice, but it is a common enough topic, whether it is assigned by a professor or left to your choice. Today we’ll take you through the paces of creating a compelling piece, share fresh ideas for writing teen smoking essays, and tackle the specifics of the essential parts of any paper, including an introduction and a conclusion.

Why Choose a Smoking Essay?

If you are free to select any topic, why would you open this can of worms? There are several compelling arguments in favor, such as:

A smoking essay can fit any type of writing assignment. You can craft an argumentative essay about smoking, a persuasive piece, or even a narration about someone’s struggle with quitting. It’s a rare case of a one-size-fits-all topic.
There is an endless number of environmental essay topics ideas . From the reasons and history of smoking to health and economic impact, as well as psychological and physiological factors that make quitting so challenging.
A staggering number of reliable sources are available online. You won’t have to dig deep to find medical or economic research, there are thousands of papers published in peer-reviewed journals, ready and waiting for you to use them.

Essential Considerations for Your Essay on Smoking

Whether you are writing a teenage smoking essay or a study of health-related issues, you need to stay objective and avoid including any judgment into your assignment. Even if you are firmly against smoking, do not let emotions direct your writing. You should also keep your language tolerant and free of offensive remarks or generalizations.

The rule of thumb is to keep your piece academic. It is an essay about smoking cigarettes you have to submit to your professor, not a blog post to share with friends.

How to Generate Endless Smoking Essay Topic Ideas

At first, it might seem that every theme has been covered by countless generations of your predecessors. However, there are ways to add a new spin to the dullest of topics. We’ll share a unique approach to generating new ideas and take the teenage smoking essay as an example. To make it fresh and exciting, you can:

Add a historic twist to your topic. For instance, research the teenage smoking statistics through the years and theorize the factors that influence the numbers.
Compare the data across the globe. You can select the best scale for your paper, comparing smoking rates in the neighboring cities, states, or countries.
Look at the question from an unexpected perspective. For instance, research how the adoption of social media influenced smoking or whether music preferences can be related to this habit.

The latter approach on our list will generate endless ideas for writing teen smoking essays. Select the one that fits your interests or is the easiest to research, depending on the time and effort you are willing to put into essay writing .

How To Write An Essay About Smoking Cigarettes

A smoking essay follows the same rules as an academic paper on any other topic. You start with an introduction, fill the body paragraphs with individual points, and wrap up using a conclusion. The filling of your “essay sandwich” will depend on the topic, but we can tell for sure what your opening and closing paragraphs should be like.

Smoking Essay Introduction

Whether you are working on an argumentative essay about smoking or a persuasive paper, your introduction is nothing but a vessel for a thesis statement. It is the core of your essay, and its absence is the first strike against you. Properly constructed thesis sums up your point of view on the economic research topics and lists the critical points you are about to highlight. If you allude to the opposing views in your thesis statement, the professor is sure to add extra points to your grade.

The first sentence is crucial for your essay, as it sets the tone and makes the first impression. Make it surprising, exciting, powerful with facts, statistics, or vivid images, and it will become a hook to lure the reader in deeper.

Round up the introduction with a transition to your first body passage and the point it will make. Otherwise, your essay might seem disjointed and patchy. Alternatively, you can use the first couple of sentences of the body paragraph as a transition.

Smoking Essay Conclusion

Any argumentative and persuasive essay on smoking must include a short conclusion. In the final passage, return to your thesis statement and repeat it in other words, highlighting the points you have made throughout the body paragraphs. You can also add final thoughts or even a personal opinion at the end to round up your assignment.

Think of the conclusion as a mirror reflection of your introduction. Start with a transition from the last body paragraph, follow it with a retelling of your thesis statement, and complete the passage with a powerful parting thought that will stay with the reader. After all, everyone remembers the first and last points most vividly, and your opening and closing sentences are likely to have a significant influence on the final grade.

Bonus Tips on How to Write a Persuasive Essay About Smoking

With the most challenging parts of the smoking essay out of the way, here are a couple of parting tips to ensure your paper gets the highest grade possible:

Do not rely on samples you find online to guide your writing. You can never tell what grade a random essay about smoking cigarettes received. Unless you use winning submissions from essay competitions, you might copy faulty techniques and data into your paper and get a reduced grade.
Do not forget to include references after the conclusion and cite the sources throughout the paper. Otherwise, you might get accused of academic dishonesty and ruin your academic record. Ask your professor about the appropriate citation style if you are not sure whether you should use APA, MLA, or Chicago.
Do not submit your smoking essay without editing and proofreading first. The best thing you can do is leave the piece alone for a day or two and come back to it with fresh eyes and mind to check for redundancies, illogical argumentation, and irrelevant examples. Professional editing software, such as Grammarly, will help with most typos and glaring errors. Still, it is up to you to go through the paper a couple of times before submission to ensure it is as close to perfection as it can get.
Do not be shy about getting help with writing smoking essays if you are out of time. Professional writers can take over any step of the writing process, from generating ideas to the final round of proofreading. Contact our agents or skip straight to the order form if you need our help to complete this assignment.

We hope our advice and ideas for writing teen smoking essays help you get out of the slump and produce a flawless piece of writing worthy of an A. For extra assistance with choosing the topic, outlining, writing, and editing, reach out to our support managers .

Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Addictions — Smoking

Essays About Smoking

Smoking essay, types of essay about smoking.

Cause and Effect Essay: This type of essay focuses on the causes and effects of smoking. It discusses why people start smoking and the consequences of smoking on both the smoker and those around them.
Argumentative Essay: This essay type aims to persuade the reader about the negative effects of smoking. It presents an argument and provides supporting evidence to convince the reader that smoking is harmful and should be avoided.
Persuasive Essay: Similar to an argumentative essay, this type of essay aims to persuade the reader to quit smoking. It presents facts, statistics, and other relevant information to convince the reader to stop smoking.

Smoking Essay Example: Cause and Effect

Identify the causes of smoking: Start by examining why people start smoking in the first place. Is it peer pressure, addiction, stress, or curiosity? Understanding the reasons why people smoke is crucial in creating an effective cause and effect essay.
Discuss the effects of smoking: Highlight the impact smoking has on an individual's health and the environment. Discuss the risks associated with smoking, such as lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory problems, and explain how smoking affects non-smokers through secondhand smoke.
Use reliable sources: To make your essay more convincing, ensure that you use credible sources to back up your claims. Use scientific studies, government reports, and medical journals to support your arguments.
Provide statistical evidence: Incorporate statistical data to make your essay more impactful. Use figures to show the number of people who smoke, the effects of smoking on the environment, and the costs associated with smoking.
Offer solutions: Conclude your essay by suggesting solutions to the problem of smoking. Encourage smokers to quit by outlining the benefits of quitting smoking and offering resources for those who want to quit.

Smoking: Argumentative Essay

Choose a clear position: The writer should choose a side on the issue of smoking, either for or against it, and be clear in presenting their stance.
Gather evidence: Research and collect facts and statistics to support the writer's argument. They can find data from reliable sources like scientific journals, government reports, and reputable news organizations.
Address counterarguments: A good argumentative essay will acknowledge opposing viewpoints and then provide a counterargument to refute them.
Use persuasive language: The writer should use persuasive language to convince the reader of their position. This includes using rhetorical devices, such as ethos, pathos, and logos, to appeal to the reader's emotions and logic.
Provide a clear conclusion: The writer should summarize the key points of their argument and reiterate their stance in the conclusion.

Persuasive Essay on Smoking

Identify your audience and their beliefs about smoking.
Present compelling evidence to support your argument, such as statistics, research studies, and personal anecdotes.
Use emotional appeals, such as stories or images that show the negative impact of smoking.
Address potential counterarguments and refute them effectively.
Use strong and clear language to persuade the reader to take action.
When choosing a topic for a smoking persuasive essay, consider a specific aspect of smoking that you would like to persuade the audience to act upon.

Hook Examples for Smoking Essays

Anecdotal hook.

Imagine a teenager taking their first puff of a cigarette, unaware of the lifelong addiction they're about to face. This scenario illustrates the pervasive issue of smoking among young people.

Question Hook

Is the pleasure derived from smoking worth the serious health risks it poses? Dive into the contentious debate over tobacco use and its consequences.

Quotation Hook

"Smoking is a habit that drains your money and kills you slowly, one puff after another." — Unknown. Explore the financial and health impacts of smoking in today's society.

Statistical or Factual Hook

Did you know that smoking is responsible for nearly 8 million deaths worldwide each year? Examine the alarming statistics and data associated with tobacco-related illnesses.

Definition Hook

What exactly is smoking, and what are the various forms it takes? Delve into the definitions of smoking, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and emerging alternatives like e-cigarettes.

Rhetorical Question Hook

Can we truly call ourselves a smoke-free generation when new nicotine delivery devices are enticing young people? Investigate the impact of vaping and e-cigarettes on the youth.

Historical Hook

Trace the history of smoking, from its ancient roots to its prevalence in different cultures and societies. Explore how perceptions of smoking have evolved over time.

Contrast Hook

Contrast the images of the suave, cigarette-smoking characters from classic films with the grim reality of tobacco-related diseases and addiction in the modern world.

Narrative Hook

Walk in the shoes of a lifelong smoker as they recount their journey from that first cigarette to a battle with addiction and the quest to quit. Their story reflects the struggles of many.

Shocking Statement Hook

Prepare to uncover the disturbing truth about smoking—how it not only harms the smoker but also affects non-smokers through secondhand smoke exposure. It's an issue that goes beyond personal choice.

Smoking Should Be Banned: a Call for Public Health and Safety

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Cause and Effect of Smoking

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Persuasive Essay Writing

Persuasive Essay About Smoking

Craft an Engaging Persuasive Essay About Smoking: Examples & Tips

Published on: Jan 25, 2023

Last updated on: Jul 23, 2024

Persuasive Essay-Defined

A persuasive essay is a form of academic writing that presents an argument in favor of a particular position, opinion, or viewpoint.

It is usually written to convince the audience to take a certain action or adopt a specific viewpoint.

The primary purpose of this type of essay is to provide evidence and arguments that support the writer's opinion.

In persuasive writing, the writer will often use facts, logic, and emotion to convince the reader that their stance is correct.

The writer can persuade the reader to consider or agree with their point of view by presenting a well-researched and logically structured argument.

The goal of a persuasive essay is not to sway the reader's opinion. It is to rather inform and educate them on a particular topic or issue.

Check this free downloadable example of a persuasive essay about smoking!

Simple Persuasive essay about smoking

Read our extensive guide on persuasive essays to learn more about crafting a masterpiece every time.

Persuasive Essay Examples About Smoking

Are you a student looking for some useful tips to write an effective persuasive essay about the dangers of smoking?

Look no further! Here are several great examples of persuasive essays that masterfully tackle the subject and persuade readers creatively.

Persuasive speech on the smoking outline

Persuasive essay about smoking should be banned

Persuasive essay about smoking pdf

Persuasive essay about smoking cannot relieve stress

Persuasive essay about smoking in public places

Speech about smoking is dangerous

For more examples about persuasive essays, check out our blog on persuasive essay examples .

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Argumentative Essay About Smoking Examples

Our examples can help you find the points that work best for your style and argument.

Argumentative essay about smoking introduction

Argumentative essay about smoking pdf

Argumentative essay about smoking in public places

10 Tips for Writing a Persuasive Essay About Smoking

Here are a few tips and tricks to make your persuasive essay about smoking stand out:

1. Do Your Research

Before you start writing, make sure to do thorough research on the topic of smoking and its effects.

Look for primary and secondary sources that provide valuable information about the issue.

2. Create an Outline

An outline is essential when organizing your thoughts and ideas into a cohesive structure. This can help you organize your arguments and counterarguments.

Read our blog about creating a persuasive essay outline to master your next essay.

3. Clearly Define the Issue

Make sure your writing identifies the problem of smoking and why it should be stopped.

4. Highlight Consequences

Show readers the possible negative impacts of smoking, like cancer, respiratory issues, and addiction.

5. Identity Solutions

Provide viable solutions to the problem, such as cessation programs, cigarette alternatives, and lifestyle changes.

6. Be Research-Oriented

Research facts about smoking and provide sources for those facts that can be used to support your argument.

7. Aim For the Emotions

Use powerful language and vivid imagery to draw readers in and make them feel like you do about smoking.

8. Use Personal Stories

Share personal stories or anecdotes of people who have successfully quit smoking and those negatively impacted by it.

9. Include an Action Plan

Offer step-by-step instructions on how to quit smoking, and provide resources for assistance effectively.

10. Reference Experts

Incorporate quotes and opinions from medical professionals, researchers, or other experts in the field.

These tips can help you write an effective persuasive essay about smoking and its negative effects on the body, mind, and society.

When your next writing assignment has you feeling stuck, don't forget that essay examples about smoking are always available to break through writer's block.

And if you need help getting started, our expert essay writer at CollegeEssay.org is more than happy to assist.

Just give us your details, and our persuasive essay writer will start working on crafting a masterpiece.

We provide top-notch essay writing service online to help you get the grades you deserve and boost your career.

Try our AI writing tool today to save time and effort!

Frequently Asked Questions

What would be a good thesis statement for smoking.

A good thesis statement for smoking could be: "Smoking has serious health risks that outweigh any perceived benefits, and its use should be strongly discouraged."

What are good topics for persuasive essays?

Good topics for persuasive essays include the effects of smoking on health, the dangers of second-hand smoke, the economic implications of tobacco taxes, and ways to reduce teenage smoking.

These topics can be explored differently to provide a unique and engaging argument.

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Should Smoking Be Illegal?

Should smoking be banned? What are the pros and cons of banning cigarettes in public places? If you’re writing an argumentative essay or persuasive speech on why smoking should be banned, check out this sample.

Smoking Should Be Banned: Essay Introduction

Reasons why smoking should be banned, why smoking should not be banned: essay arguments, why smoking should be banned essay conclusion.

Smoking involves burning a substance to take in its smoke into the lungs. These substances are commonly tobacco or cannabis. Combustion releases the active substances in them, like nicotine, which are absorbed through the lungs.

A widespread technique through which this is done is via smoking manufactured cigarettes or hand-rolling the tobacco ready for smoking. Almost 1 billion people in the majority of all human societies practice smoking. Complications directly associated with smoking claim the lives of half of all the persons involved in smoking tobacco or marijuana for a long time.

Smoking is an addiction because tobacco contains nicotine, which is very addictive. The nicotine makes it difficult for a smoker to quit. Therefore, a person will become used to nicotine such that he/she has to smoke to feel normal. Consequently, I think smoking should be banned for some reason.

One reason why smoking should be banned is that it has got several health effects. It harms almost every organ of the body. Cigarette smoking causes 87% of lung cancer deaths and is also responsible for many other cancer and health problems. 

Apart from this, infant deaths that occur in pregnant women are attributed to smoking. Similarly, people who stay near smokers become secondary smokers, who may breathe in the smoke and get the same health problems as smokers. Although not widely smoked, cannabis also has health problems, and withdrawal symptoms include depression, insomnia, frustration, anger, anxiety, concentration difficulties, and restlessness.

Besides causing emphysema, smoking also affects the digestive organs and the blood circulatory systems, especially heart arteries. Women have a higher risk of heart attack than men, exacerbating with time as one smokes. Smoking also affects the mouth, whereby the teeth become discolored, the lips blacken and always stay dry, and the breath smells bad.

Cigarette and tobacco products are costly. People who smoke are therefore forced to spend their money on these products, which badly wastes the income they would have otherwise spent on other things. Therefore, I think that smoking should be forbidden to reduce the costs of treating diseases related to smoking and the number of deaths caused by smoking-related illnesses.

However, tobacco and cigarette manufacturing nations would lose a lot if smoking was to be banned. I, therefore, think that it should not be banned. Some nations largely depend on exporting cigarettes and tobacco products to get revenue.

This revenue typically boosts the economy of such nations. If smoking were banned, they would incur significant losses since tobacco companies are multi-billion organizations. Apart from these, millions of people will be jobless due to the ban.

The process by which tobacco and cigarette products reach consumers is very complex, and it involves a chain process with several people involved in it. Banning smoking, therefore, means these people will lose their jobs, which most may depend on for their livelihoods.

In conclusion, the ban on smoking is a tough step to be undertaken, especially when the number of worldwide users is billions. Although it burdens nations enormously in treating smoking-related diseases, it may take a long time before a ban can work. Attempts by some nations to do this have often been met with failures.

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StudyCorgi. (2020, January 12). Should Smoking Be Illegal? https://studycorgi.com/should-smoking-be-banned/

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Essay on Harmful Effects of Smoking

Students are often asked to write an essay on Harmful Effects of Smoking in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Harmful Effects of Smoking

Introduction.

Smoking is a dangerous habit that poses significant health risks. It’s not only harmful to smokers, but also to those around them.

Health Risks

Smoking can cause lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke. It damages nearly every organ in the body, leading to premature death.

Secondhand Smoke

Non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke face similar health risks. They can develop respiratory problems and increased risk of heart disease.

Impact on Environment

Cigarette butts litter the environment and release toxic chemicals into the soil and water, harming wildlife.

250 Words Essay on Harmful Effects of Smoking

Smoking is a widespread habit, yet it is one of the most detrimental practices to human health. Despite the awareness campaigns and statutory warnings, many continue to smoke, oblivious of the damaging effects it has on their health and wellbeing.

Physical Health Risks

Primarily, smoking causes numerous fatal diseases. It is the leading cause of lung cancer, accounting for about 85% of all cases. It also significantly increases the risk of heart diseases and stroke. The harmful chemicals in cigarettes damage blood vessels, leading to atherosclerosis, which can result in heart attack or stroke.

Impact on Respiratory System

Moreover, smoking adversely affects the respiratory system. It leads to chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung diseases. The smoke and toxins inhaled damage the airways and alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs, causing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Effect on Mental Health

Smoking also influences mental health. Nicotine addiction can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and depression. The temporary relief from stress that smoking provides is often mistaken for a stress reliever, while it is actually exacerbating the problem.

In conclusion, smoking is a harmful habit that poses significant threats to physical and mental health. The myriad diseases it causes, coupled with its addictive nature, make it a dangerous lifestyle choice. It is imperative to raise awareness about these harmful effects and encourage cessation to safeguard public health.

500 Words Essay on Harmful Effects of Smoking

The impact on physical health.

One of the most severe consequences of smoking is its impact on physical health. Smokers are at a higher risk of developing a plethora of diseases, including lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These conditions are often fatal, leading to premature death. The toxins in cigarette smoke damage the lining of the lungs, making smokers more susceptible to infections like pneumonia.

Detrimental Effects on Mental Health

Smoking doesn’t just harm the physical body; it also has a profound effect on mental health. Nicotine, the addictive substance in tobacco, alters the brain chemistry, leading to dependence. This dependence can exacerbate mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression. Furthermore, the stress of addiction and the struggle to quit smoking can also take a toll on mental well-being.

Smoking and Second-hand Smoke

Societal impact.

Smoking also has societal implications. The economic burden of smoking is substantial, with healthcare costs for smoking-related illnesses reaching astronomical levels. Additionally, the loss of productivity due to illness or premature death contributes to economic strain.

In conclusion, the harmful effects of smoking are far-reaching, affecting not only the smoker but also those around them and society at large. The physical and mental health implications, coupled with the economic burden, make it a significant public health issue. Despite the addictive nature of smoking, quitting is possible with the right support and resources, leading to improved health outcomes and quality of life. Understanding the full scope of smoking’s harmful effects is crucial in motivating smokers to quit and preventing non-smokers from starting.

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Cause and Effects of Smoking Cigarettes, Essay Example

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Smoking cigarettes has historically been a leisurely and highly popular social activity that a litany of people turn to as a way to assuage daily stress, lose weight, and feel socially accepted in a constantly evolving social world. Tobacco, the main ingredient in cigarettes, has high levels of nicotine, which is a highly addictive ingredient that makes it hard for people to quit smoking if nicotine is ingested on a quotidian basis (Woolbright, 1994, p. 337). According to the CDC (2014), cigarette smoking causes over 480,000 deaths annually in the United States alone, which translates into one out of every five people extirpating due to the ingestion of tobacco. A preventable cause of death, cigarette smoking kills more persons than accidents caused due motor vehicle accidents, alcohol consumption, illegal drug use, deaths involving firearms, and the HIV/AIDS virus altogether (Center For Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Women who smoke tobacco disproportionately suffer from even more health problems as it directly harms not only their reproductive health but also their mortality and morbidity rates of their progeny or future children (American Lung Association, n.d.). People should not smoke because it not only spawns negative health effects but also because it is not economically useful. If people stopped smoking, many lives would be both indirectly and directly saved from premature and preventative deaths as a result.

Doctors and other medical experts pinpoint the various health hazards caused by smoking, especially to the statistics pertaining to the nexus between smoking cigarettes and premature death, in order to convince people to quit smoking. In the past five decades, the risk of premature death in both female and male smokers has profoundly increased (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). According to the CDC (2014), smoking cigarettes causes a handful of diseases because it adversely impacts almost all bodily organs and detracts from the general health of enthusiastic smokers. The risk of developing coronary heart disease (COPD), various cardiovascular maladies, and stroke–the leading cause of death in the United States alone–increases two to four times as much due to the damage it spawns to blood vessels because tobacco narrows and thickens them. These ramifications cause rapid heartbeat, which results in higher blood pressure levels which renders smokers vulnerable to blood clots. If blood clots prevent blood from reaching the heart, people put themselves at risk for heart attack due to the fact that the heart does not get enough oxygen and thus kills the heart muscle. In addition, blood clots can also cause a stroke because they can hinder blood flow to the brain. Shockingly, quitting smoking even after just one year drastically enhances an individual’s risk of incurring poor cardiovascular health. Moreover, smoking is directly connected to various respiratory diseases due to the fact that it harms both airways and alveoli, or the minute air vacs, that are in the lungs. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), emphysema, and bronchitis are common forms of lung disease that chronic smokers often develop. In addition, medical experts correlate cigarette smoking with a litany of cancers, which have been pinpointed as the primary cause of lung cancer in individuals who smoke for a protracted period of time. Smoking cigarettes can also spawn various other types of cancer, including cancer in the stomach, liver, kidneys, bladders, pancreas, and oropharynx. Smoking not only puts smokers at risk for these often fatal types of cancer but also to those around smokes as a result of second-hand smoking. Second-hand smoke, according to the CDC (2014), causes an estimated 34,000 deaths per year in non-smokers because they too develop various cardiovascular diseases while an estimated 8,000 persons prematurely dying as a result of stroke (CDC, 2014). They also are put at risk for developing lung cancer by approximately thirty percent, and their risk for heart attack is also amplified. Physicians estimate that if nobody smoked cigarettes around the world, an estimated one out of every three deaths caused by cancer would not manifest (1).

More poignantly, smoking cigarettes negatively impacts women’s reproductive health, and children who are exposed to cigarette smoke suffer from often fatal effects. Many studies have analyzed and outlined the negative ramifications of maternal smoking on both the mother and the baby and/or infant ( Hofhuis, de Jongste, & Merkus, 2003 & Woolbright, 1994). Many states require documentation on birth certificates of maternal tobacco consumption (Woolbright, 1994). Despite the Surgeon General’s stern warning that maternal smoking has been linked to fetal injury, premature birth, and/or low birth rate, 15-37% of pregnant women still smoke cigarettes while pregnant (Hofhuis, de Jongste, & Merkus, 2003). Mothers who smoke also frequently participate in other high-risk behaviors that also negatively impacts the health of their progeny. Additionally, factors including marital and socio-economic status in addition education level affect the outcome of pregnancies due to increased vulnerability to cigarette smoking (Woolbright, 1994, p. 330). Low birth weight is the main impact of maternal smoking, although the existing literature pinpoints infant death and premature birth as major ramifications of it as well. Infant exposure to tobacco after they are born puts him or her at risk of premature death if they develop respiratory diseases in addition to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (Woolbright, 1994). Hofhuis, de Jongste, and Merkus (2003) assessed how smoking cigarettes during pregnancy in addition to passive smoking thereafter affects both the mortality and morbidity rates in children. Statistics show that other obstetric complications directly linked to smoking, including spontaneous abortions, premature rupture of membranes, ectopic pregnancies, and complications related to the placenta. Smoking also stunts the lung growth that fetuses need in utero, which results in the child suffering from weakened lungs after birth while also exponentially increases the child’s chance of suffering from asthma and a vast array of other crippling respiratory diseases. In addition, it stunts brain development and detracts from the child’s mental acuity.

Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking. (2014, February 6). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Retrieved November 21, 2015 from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_ cig_smoking/

American Lung Association. (n.d.). Women and tobacco use. American Lung Association . Retrieved November 21, 2015 from http://www.lung.org/stop- smoking/about-smoking/facts- figures/women-and-tobacco-use.html

Ault, R. W., Jr., R. E., Jackson, J. D., Saba, R. S., & Saurman, D. S. (1991). Smoking and Absenteeism. Applied Economics , 23 , 743-754.

Hodgson TA. Cigarette Smoking and Lifetime Medical Expenditures. Millbank Q 1992, 70, 81-125.

Hofhuis, W., de Jongste, J. C., & Merkus, P. J. (2003). Adverse Health Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Children. Arch Dis Child , 88 , 1086-1090.

Woolbright, L. A. (1994). The effects of maternal smoking on infant health. Population Research and Policy Review , 13 (3), 327-339.

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Essays on Smoking

Essay-writers in each smoking essay emphasize the dangers of smoking, and fairly so. After all, smoking is one of the most widespread bad habits in the world – there are about 2 billion smokers worldwide. It is a detrimental habit, as cigarette smoke contains more than 30 toxic components – you can go into them one by one in your essays on smoking. It's no secret how dangerous smoking is, however, around 18 billion cigarettes are sold globally every day. Smoking essays often include a lot of statistics, as facts speak louder than opinions. An estimated $50 billion a year is spent on treating smoking-related diseases in the United States alone. This means that for every pack of cigarettes, about $2 are spent on treating smoking-related diseases. Crazy, right? If you need more info on smoking for your essays, review our smoking essay samples.

Smoking and its Impact on Health Smoking predisposes one to various health problems including cancer of the lung, addiction, and adoption of harmful behaviors. Amongst adult smokers, smoking patterns have shown no significant reduction and a possible rise in smoking in the young individuals and the preteens has been reported (Lando,...

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1. Do you agree with the no smoking law in all public buildings in the state of Illinois? Should other states pass this law? What are the physical effects of second hand smoke on a child's airway? Should smoking in the presence of young children be...

Smoking in Public Places: A Health Hazard Smoking in public places is a health hazard for the smokers as well as the non-smoking public. The main dangers of smoking in public are often health-related as well as accident fires. More fatalities arise from public smoking are connected to the adverse effects...

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The World Health Organization suggests that approximately 5 million people die every year in the world because of tobacco use. Further, the report argues that, “the use of tobacco may cause about one billion deaths in the 21st century if current trends continue” (World Health Organization, " Research for International...

The Health Risks of Public Smoking The ban on smoking in public spaces has been an ongoing topic of discussion in different health platforms all over the world. Every year, several people are reported to die from lung cancer and other smoking-related health conditions. Nonetheless, despite the several reported deaths, tobacco...

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The number of the individuals who smoke has risen over the years. Even though they are aware of how harmful smoking can be, the public still decides to use a cigarette. It is an individual decision, and it is a habit which is extremely addictive. It is not the responsibility...

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The opening sentence The opening sentence used by the author does not induce vigor of reading the article. Words arrangement in the sentence is not right, it should have read, ‘Herbert A. Gilbert filed the first electronic cigarette for a patent in 1963.’ The writer assumes that the reader knows what...

The Importance of Tobacco Control Policies Over the years, tobacco smoking has become a worldwide concern for health. Thus, the US government alongside other countries has been on the move in passing policies and ordinances which control the use of tobacco. The health implications associated with tobacco smoking have been more...

Smoking is an endemic problem that not only affects smokers, but also goes as far as affecting innocent non-smoking public. At the core of this problem is the issue of smoking in public places. Being a risk to public health a ban on public smoking can be a life saver,...

Introduction Even though almost every smoker realizes the harm caused by smoking, the number of smokers in the world remains enormous. Due to a low price, availability, legality, and the promotion of cigarettes in the media, almost every second there is a new person that starts smoking. The main reason for...

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The cigarette is one of the deadliest drugs known to human beings. In the developed countries, there are attempts to minimize the smoking rates. There are different measures which have been suggested to help reduce the risks posed by consumption of the drug which includes increased taxes, bans on cigarette...

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The Question of Outlawing Cigarettes and Tobacco Products The question of whether cigarettes and other tobacco products should be outlawed is still an argument as many agree as well as disagree from the same. Tobacco is a plant which is grown and contains nicotine which affects one to be dependent on...

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Smoking - Free Essay Samples And Topic Ideas

Smoking refers to the inhalation of the smoke of burned tobacco encased in cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. Essays on smoking could discuss its health implications, the sociological factors contributing to smoking, the economics of tobacco industry, and the effectiveness of public health campaigns and policies aimed at reducing smoking prevalence. We have collected a large number of free essay examples about Smoking you can find at Papersowl. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

Why Smoking is Illegal for Pregnant Women

Over the years, smoking has been one of the factors which have significantly affected pregnant women in the United States. Although men lead in the rate of smoking, research has indicated that the number of women who have been using cigarettes in the recent years has been increasing and there is a possibility that the number may surpass that of men in the future (Crus and Mahshid 99). Smoking among pregnant women has contributed to the development of serious health […]

An Issue of Smoking Cessation

Introduction The purpose of the paper is to identify health promotion and maintenance of health issue among smokers in the Brooklyn and explore how to resolve the clinical issue. Smoking among African American in Brooklyn led to high rates of respiratory infection, heart disease, lung disease, premature deaths and Sudden Infants Death syndrome (SIDS). Importance Smoking is the number one cause of preventable diseases and death in the United states, accounting for over 480,000 deaths per year; which is about […]

Behavioral Interventions for Tobacco Hookah Use Using Theoretical Models

Background: There are many theoretical frameworks in behavioral science that act as baselines for possible intervention programs that are successful in assessing most social determinants leading to unhealthy behaviors. These unhealthy behaviors often lead to life threatening diseases that are caused from behavioral leading activity. The use of tobacco in hookah (waterpipe) smoking is an important selection targeted for planned intervention programs. Though there are several theories that can be used to help plan, create and evaluate subsequent intervention programs […]

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Comparison of Smoking Cigarettes and Vaping

The uprise of vaping in comparison to smoking cigarettes is an open-ended debate. It's a tough argument because there isn't enough information to prove whether vaping is a better alternative to smoking or not. Experts are working their hardest to discover an answer on the effects of vaping versus smoking. Many people use vaping as an attempt to stop smoking cigarettes, but the design and attraction to vapes is a possible cause to more people using them. The differences between […]

Understanding Iroquois and Hopewell Smoking Pipes

Out of all the indigenous peoples of North America, the Hopewell culture of the Middle Woodland Period and the Iroquois or Haudenosaunee are two of the most studied by art historians when it comes to the subject of ritual tobacco pipes. This is a comparison between the smoking pipes and practices of these two groups which explores some of their differences and similarities I've observed and provides detailed information and full-color graphics for visual representation. The platform pipe is a […]

Legalization of Recreational Marijuana

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Smoking should be Banned in Public Places

Smoking Should Be Banned in Public Places Smoking has been proven scientifically that it can cause many health factors such as lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and many more. Despite this knowledge that has been passed on through generations of how many health concerns smoking leads to, people continue to smoke themselves, or around other people. Smoking causes danger to one's health but now with further research there is now evidence suggesting smoking can cause problems for those around you. […]

Effects of Smoking on Teens

Come on everyone is doing it, is a phrase that sadly is to often said. Teens these days are so pressured with the idea of "cool" that they are willing to do just about anything to obtain this status, including mutilate their body. According to the CDC, "5.6 million of today's Americans younger than 18 will die early from a smoking-related illness. That's about 1 of every 13 Americans aged 17 years or younger alive today." That is a staggering […]

The Effects of Nicotine on Child Development and Birth Control

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A Topic Of Smoking Bans

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How Obama’s Tobacco Tax would Drive down Smoking Rates

How Obama's Tobacco Tax Would Drive Down Smoking Rates Obama's proposal to single out tobacco users, and raise a tax on the products they use, is actually a plan to get money for the government. In The Washington Post, the proposal seems like an excellent idea because you are blinded by the so-called "benefits," but there are far more flaws in the former president's plan than what initially comes to the eye. Doubling the tax on tobacco will not innocently […]

Proletarian Hunger Killers: the Socially Acceptable Addiction

The issue of using proletarian hunger killers such as coffee, tea, chocolates, and tobacco has taken on the appearance of addiction (Mintz, 1986). Indeed, users of these products are akin to ordinary addicts in the manner that they depend upon these commodities to maintain a functional predisposition. There are questions regarding whether these commodities actually contribute to the overall performance of employees or if they are mere luxuries. Comparatively, why are these substances, which are designed to make workers more […]

Smoking and the Rhetorical Analysis of a TUPP Ad

The overall composition of an anti-smoking advertisement is designed to make addicted smokers feel ashamed of themselves. Most especially in this advertisement from the organization based in California Tobacco Use Prevention Program (TUPP). This analysis focuses on the aspects of these advertisement's components that might persuade the target audience, which in this case would be young women in their seemingly early twenties and are adjusting into the party scene. The advertising manipulates the audience to think a certain way about […]

Cigarette Smoking and its Impact on People

ANTI SMOKING AD Cigarette smoking is the focal cause of avoidable illness and annihilation in the United States, accounting for 480,000 deaths every year, or around 1 in 5 deaths. In the United States there are almost 20% of adults that smoke cigarettes, men were heavier cigarette smokers than women. Anti-smoking ads periodically show up everywhere in this population generally showing the disastrous effects of tobacco use through photographic pictures or other alarming appearance. The anti-smoking ad I've embraced is […]

Main Effects of Smoking

Effects Just like any other drug, results differ from one person to another depending on the amount of substance consumed. According to the study, there are no safe levels of nicotine use, whether the amount used is small or a lot there are effects for each user. Additionally, smoking does affect not only the user but also the passive smokers. Therefore, the following are the long-term and short-term effects of smoking depending on the dose used. General Effects First according […]

Effectiveness of Smoking Bans in Public Spaces

Tobacco possesses severe effects on the lives of people in society. People smoke tobacco for various reasons. More so as a way of relieving stress. It makes them free from unpleasant feelings. Nevertheless, it is a risk to the health of a person. Are the cigarette packets even labeled with warning signs? People still smoke with the knowledge of the status quo (Huesch). Previously governments had introduced policies to have open spaces for persons who were smoking. This served as […]

Legalization of Marijuana Throughout States

Legalization of marijuana use is spreading throughout states in the nation. There are many people who want to make recreational marijuana legal in the state of Texas. Some opponents of keeping marijuana criminalized argue that it would decreased alcohol and tobacco consumption, makes people passive and peaceful and that it aids those who are in pain. However after researching the effects that long-term marijuana use has on people, one will find that those are not realistically always the case and […]

A Closer Look at the Effects of Smoking

Imagine this: you are taking a stroll at a park. There is a slight breeze and the sun is high up in the sky. Suddenly, you are overwhelmed by a foul smell. You look around to find the source of the smell and find a young man in his early twenties smoking a cigarette about 15 feet away from you. After approaching this man to ask him why he smokes, you learn that he began smoking at a young age […]

Effects of Smoking in Modern World

Smoking is a common leading problem in today's society that starts for many reasons. The appalling habit may start because of curiosity, peer pressure, stress, personal issues, and so forth. "Smoking is bad for you" is an old, ignored message, so everyone refuses to give it his or her full attention.Tobacco use usually begins in early adolescence, where those who begin smoking at an early age are more likely to acquire severe nicotine addiction than those who may start later. […]

Advertisements as Anti-Smoking Tool

Anti-Smoking Did you know that in the United States that almost 20 percent of adults smokes cigarettes? Smoking cigarettes are one of the most preventable leading cause of death. The anti-smoking advertisement by The Real Cost Commercial "Stay in Control" often pops up on across our televisions and our social media, frequently broadcasting the deadly effects of tobacco use through shocking images, and vivid videos. The advertisement I picked is a dull colored picture, portraying a high school girl signing […]

My Attitude to Smoking

Smoking cigarettes is probably one of the most toxic things you can put in your body. It used to be popular back in the day, because people just wanted to do it for the thrill and because it was a common thing to do so most people tagged along and did it too. People also choose to smoke cigarettes to try to reduce stress and, but it really isn't worth getting cancer and diseases from it. Furthermore, I already […]

Drug Abuse Resistance Education for Drug-Free Future

Do you want to be smart? Do you want to be in a good college? Do you want to get a good job? Well, I do. And thanks to Officer Batt, now I know that tobacco(or cigarette), alcohol, or any drugs would cause heart disease, memory loss, or poor judgment. Actually, those are just a tiny part of it. There are much more! For example, there are more than 400,000 deaths related to drugs. All those facts I learned in […]

Social Determinants Affecting the Cigarette Smoking Epidemic

Tobacco has been used for centuries, even before Christopher Columbus brought it back to Europe. The widespread use of tobacco for smoking cigarettes grew in popularity throughout the early 20th century partially propagated by the widespread distribution of cigarettes during world wars (Cancer Council NSW, 2015). The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) defines a smoker as someone who has ever smoked >100 cigarettes in his lifetime and who currently smokes cigarettes every day or some days (CDC, 2017; Belbeisi et […]

Complications of Tobacco Smoking

Surgery and anesthesia are associated with exacerbating the body's stress response, which can lead to several postoperative complications and an increased hospital stay. As a future anesthesia provider, I know that it is imperative for patients to abstain from tobacco use prior to anesthesia or any surgical procedure. Preoperative screening of patients offers an opportunity to educate patients on the intraoperative risks associated with smoking, as well as providing resources and interventions that can aid with compliance and abstinence. Although […]

Forthcoming Referendum on no Smoking

Forthcoming Referendum on no Smoking Considering the impacts that a referendum can have on the progress of the state, it is safe to assume that the forthcoming referendum is likely to have many good intentions and impacts on the health of the residents of the state. For instance, in Kentucky non-smokers have continued to suffer from the effects of passive smoking. For this reason, the incoming referendum will create awareness among the members of the public regarding the health risks […]

Culturally Tailored Smoking Cessation Intervention

Key Specific Aims The purpose of the present analysis is to (a) examine the relationship between participation in a culturally tailored smoking cessation program on smoking outcome, compared to a standard non-tailored intervention; (b) examine if success in the intervention varied by gender or educational level; (c) examine if depressive symptoms was associated with smoking cessation. For the binary outcome of smoking cessation, we used logistic regression models to examine six models. Consequently, prior distributions for the effect of the […]

War on Drugs is a Struggle to Survive

I was taught that tobacco was bad. My father died from an overdose. I never met my dad but I never understood why someone would be a drug addict. I never knew how they could do it to themselves, their friends, their family. I would always think a addict was somebody who was selfish and weak. A person who just wanted to party and didn’t care about anyone or anything .I used to think that an addict deserved what had […]

Impact of Smoking in a Tobacco Growing Developing Country

Abstract The chapter outlines the impact of smoking aspects for a developing country whose economy is dependent on tobacco growing. On the environmental front, other than the pollution of the air by tobacco smoke; large tracts of forests are destroyed, and heavy losses are incurred due to perennial veld fires that would destroy properties, flora and fauna, and in some instances human lives, when smoldering cigarette stubs are recklessly thrown away after smoking. Public health bill is shooting up in […]

The Abnormal Structural Connectivity in Adolescent Smoking

Abstract Smoking addiction is a chronic mental disorder and is closely related to changes in brain structure. There are few studies on the structural connectivity of the thalamus-cortical circuit in adolescent smokers. Therefore, this study used magnetic resonance imaging techniques and four ethological scales: the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Pack-years, Cigarettes per day (CPD), and Duration to explore the effects of smoking on the thalamus-cortical circuit's structural connections in teenagers. Diffusion tensor imaging and thalamic probabilistic segmentation were […]

An Issue of Psychology and Smoking

Smoking-related diseases and deaths in the US and worldwide is a significant problem that I will explore in detail on how we got to this point and why people continue knowing the health risk to themselves and others around them. Mortality rate is heightened by smoking. This has also made the practice one of the leading factors of premature deaths (Drope, 2008). In recent research it has been estimated by the year 2030 smoking will have killed more than eight […]

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IELTS Essay: Cigarettes

by Dave | Real Past Tests | 7 Comments

This is an IELTS writing task 2 sample answer essay on the topic of concerts and plays from the real IELTS exam

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Smoking is a major cause of serious illness and death throughout the world today. In the interest of the public health, governments should ban cigarettes and other tobacco products.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Many today are calling for a complete ban on tobacco related products due to their health effects. In my opinion, since tobacco offers few tangible benefits, such a prohibition would be justified.

Opponents of such a policy argue that it conflicts with individual and economic freedom. Firstly, individuals should have the right to live their life as they wish as long as they are not harming others. This is the basic tenet that underlies most democratic societies and smoking cigarettes falls firmly within this sphere of an individual’s rights. Secondly, there is an economic factor. Tobacco companies produce billions of cigarettes a year, providing employment and paying significant taxes throughout the process. If these companies were suddenly forced to declare bankruptcy and shut down, it would have catastrophic short-term effects on the economies of both developed and developing nations. The economic downsides alone could, temporarily, do more harm than good.

However, tobacco is an almost entirely harmful product in its effects. In contrast to other narcotics, such as caffeine, alcohol, and cannabis, there is no discernible sensation produced by smoking cigarettes or chewing tobacco. Tobacco contains nicotine, which is highly addictive and engenders a chemical dependency, and that is the reason it has become such a common habit. Moreover, there are meaningful health problems that for smokers as well as unintended parties through second-hand smoke. It is common for long-time smokers to suffer from a weakened immune system, conditions like emphysema, and increased risk for lung cancer. These maladies place an added burden on the health system and hospitals.

The limited benefits of cigarettes compared with the massive potential health costs for individuals and society justify the ban. Individuals have always had to sacrifice elements of freedom in order to ensure greater security and this issue is only viewed differently for historical reasons.

1. Many today are calling for a complete ban on tobacco related products due to their health effects. 2. In my opinion, since tobacco offers few tangible benefits, such a prohibition would be justified.

Paraphrase the overall essay topic.
Write a clear opinion. Read more about introductions here .

1. Opponents of such a policy argue that it conflicts with individual and economic freedom. 2. Firstly, individuals should have the right to live their life as they wish as long as they are not harming others. 3. This is the basic tenet that underlies most democratic societies and smoking cigarettes falls firmly within this sphere of an individual’s rights. 4. Secondly, there is an economic factor. 5. Tobacco companies produce billions of cigarettes a year, providing employment and paying significant taxes throughout the process. 6. If these companies were suddenly forced to declare bankruptcy and shut down, it would have catastrophic short-term effects on the economies of both developed and developing nations. 7. The economic downsides alone could, temporarily, do more harm than good.

Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.
Explain your main idea.
Develop it with specific or hypothetical examples.
Move on to a related factor if you want.
Develop that idea.
Use complex grammar to help you development.
Conclude the paragraph.

1. However, tobacco is an almost entirely harmful product in its effects. 2. In contrast to other narcotics, such as caffeine, alcohol, and cannabis, there is no discernible sensation produced by smoking cigarettes or chewing tobacco. 3. Tobacco contains nicotine, which is highly addictive and engenders a chemical dependency, and that is the reason it has become such a common habit. 4. Moreover, there are meaningful health problems that for smokers as well as unintended parties through second-hand smoke. 5. It is common for long-time smokers to suffer from a weakened immune system, conditions like emphysema, and increased risk for lung cancer. 6. These maladies place an added burden on the health system and hospitals.

Write a new topic sentence with a new main idea at the end.
Explain your new main idea.
Include specific details and examples.
Continue developing it…
as fully as possible!
Conclude a strong statement.

1. The limited benefits of cigarettes compared with the massive potential health costs for individuals and society justify the ban. 2. Individuals have always had to sacrifice elements of freedom in order to ensure greater security and this issue is only viewed differently for historical reasons.

Summarise your main ideas.
Include a final thought. Read more about conclusions here .

What do the words in bold below mean? Make some notes on paper to aid memory and then check below.

Many today are calling for a complete ban on tobacco related products due to their health effects. In my opinion, since tobacco offers few tangible benefits , such a prohibition would be justified .

Opponents of such a policy argue that it conflicts with individual and economic freedom. Firstly, individuals should have the right to live their life as they wish as long as they are not harming others. This is the basic tenet that underlies most democratic societies and smoking cigarettes falls firmly within this sphere of an individual’s rights. Secondly, there is an economic factor . Tobacco companies produce billions of cigarettes a year, providing employment and paying significant taxes throughout the process . If these companies were suddenly forced to declare bankruptcy and shut down , it would have catastrophic short-term effects on the economies of both developed and developing nations . The economic downsides alone could, temporarily , do more harm than good.

However, tobacco is an almost entirely harmful product in its effects. In contrast to other narcotics , such as caffeine , alcohol , and cannabis , there is no discernible sensation produced by smoking cigarettes or chewing tobacco . Tobacco contains nicotine , which is highly addictive and engenders a chemical dependency , and that is the reason it has become such a common habit . Moreover, there are meaningful health problems that for smokers as well as unintended parties through second-hand smoke . It is common for long-time smokers to suffer from a weakened immune system , conditions like emphysema , and increased risk for lung cancer . These maladies place an added burden on the health system and hospitals .

For extra practice, write an antonym (opposite word) on a piece of paper to help you remember the new vocabulary:

calling for asking about

complete ban total prohibition against

tobacco related products cigarettes, chewing tobacco, etc.

tobacco what is inside cigarettes

few tangible benefits concrete advantages

prohibition ban

justified good reason for it

opponents people against it

policy reform

conflicts fights

right a basic ability people should have

as long as so far as

harming hurting

basic tenet essential part

underlies is the foundation of

democratic societies countries where you can vote

falls firmly within this sphere is definitely part of

factor element

produce make

employment jobs

paying significant taxes throughout the process giving money to the government all the time

suddenly forced right now must

declare bankruptcy go out of business

shut down close down, go out of business

catastrophic short-term effects huge impact right away

developed and developing nations rich and poor countries

downsides disadvantages

temporarily for a short time

almost entirely nearly completely

in contrast to however

narcotics drugs

caffeine coffee

alcohol beer, wine, etc.

cannabis marijuana

discernible sensation real feeling

chewing tobacco another kind of tobacco product

contains nicotine has an addictive chemical in it

highly addictive makes you want to keep using it

engenders creates

chemical dependency need to have it

common habit pervasive action

meaningful significant

as well as and

unintended parties people not meant to be involved

second-hand smoke people inhaling smoke who are not smoking, passive smokers

common pervasive

suffer from have the condition

weakened immune system get sick easily

conditions diseases

emphysema a lung disease

increased risk more chance of it

lung cancer cancer of your lungs

maladies illnesses

added burden more pressure

health system and hospitals doctors, medical care, etc.

limited benefits fewer advantages

compared with in comparison to

massive potential health costs huge expense in hospitals

sacrifice give up

in order to do that

ensure make sure

greater security increased safety

viewed differently seen in another way

historical reasons causes from the past, traditions

Pronunciation

Practice saying the vocabulary below and use this tip about Google voice search :

ˈkɔːlɪŋ fɔː kəmˈpliːt bæn təˈbækəʊ rɪˈleɪtɪd ˈprɒdʌkts təˈbækəʊ fjuː ˈtænʤəbl ˈbɛnɪfɪts ˌprəʊɪˈbɪʃən ˈʤʌstɪfaɪd əˈpəʊnənts ˈpɒlɪsi ˈkɒnflɪkts raɪt æz lɒŋ æz ˈhɑːmɪŋ ˈbeɪsɪk ˈtiːnɛt ˌʌndəˈlaɪz ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk səˈsaɪətiz fɔːlz ˈfɜːmli wɪˈðɪn ðɪs sfɪə ˈfæktə ˈprɒdjuːs ɪmˈplɔɪmənt ˈpeɪɪŋ sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt ˈtæksɪz θru(ː)ˈaʊt ðə ˈprəʊsɛs ˈsʌdnli fɔːst dɪˈkleə ˈbæŋkrəptsi ʃʌt daʊn ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk ʃɔːt-tɜːm ɪˈfɛkts dɪˈvɛləpt ænd dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ ˈneɪʃənz ˈdaʊnˌsaɪdz ˈtɛmpərərɪli ˈɔːlməʊst ɪnˈtaɪəli ɪn ˈkɒntrɑːst tuː nɑːˈkɒtɪks ˈkæfiːn ˈælkəhɒl ˈkænəbɪs dɪˈsɜːnəbl sɛnˈseɪʃən ˈʧuːɪŋ təˈbækəʊ kənˈteɪnz ˈnɪkətiːn ˈhaɪli əˈdɪktɪv ɪnˈʤɛndəz ˈkɛmɪkəl dɪˈpɛndənsi ˈkɒmən ˈhæbɪt ˈmiːnɪŋfʊl æz wɛl æz ˌʌnɪnˈtɛndɪd ˈpɑːtiz ˈsɛkənd-hænd sməʊk ˈkɒmən ˈsʌfə frɒm ˈwiːkənd ɪˈmjuːn ˈsɪstɪm kənˈdɪʃənz ˌɛmfɪˈsiːmə ɪnˈkriːst rɪsk lʌŋ ˈkænsə ˈmælədiz ˈædɪd ˈbɜːdn hɛlθ ˈsɪstɪm ænd ˈhɒspɪtlz ˈlɪmɪtɪd ˈbɛnɪfɪts kəmˈpeəd wɪð ˈmæsɪv pəʊˈtɛnʃəl hɛlθ kɒsts ˈsækrɪfaɪs ɪn ˈɔːdə tuː ɪnˈʃʊə ˈgreɪtə sɪˈkjʊərɪti vjuːd ˈdɪfrəntli hɪsˈtɒrɪkəl ˈriːznz

Vocabulary Practice

I recommend getting a pencil and piece of paper because that aids memory. Then write down the missing vocabulary from my sample answer in your notebook:

Many today are c_______________r a c________________n on t_________________________s due to their health effects. In my opinion, since t__________o offers f_______________________s , such a p______________n would be j___________d .

O_____________s of such a p_______y argue that it c__________s with individual and economic freedom. Firstly, individuals should have the r_______t to live their life as they wish a____________s they are not h_______g others. This is the b_____________t that u___________s most d__________________s and smoking cigarettes f_________________________e of an individual’s rights. Secondly, there is an economic f______r . Tobacco companies p_______e billions of cigarettes a year, providing e______________t and p________________________________________s . If these companies were s_______________d to d_____________________y and s___________n , it would have c________________________s on the economies of both d____________________________________s . The economic d______________s alone could, t_____________y , do more harm than good.

However, tobacco is an a_________________y harmful product in its effects. I________________o other n_____________s , such as c__________e , a_____________l , and c__________s , there is no d________________________n produced by smoking cigarettes or c_________________o . Tobacco c____________________e , which is h___________________e and e_____________s a c______________________y , and that is the reason it has become such a c______________t . Moreover, there are meaningful health problems that for smokers a____________s u__________________s through s__________________e . It is c_________n for long-time smokers to s______________m a w_________________________m , c______________s like e____________a , and i________________k for l_______________r . These m____________s place an a_______________n on the h______________________________s .

The l________________s of cigarettes c________________h the m__________________________s for individuals and society justify the ban. Individuals have always had to s____________e elements of freedom i____________o e_______________________y and this issue is only v_____________________y for h____________________s .

Listening Practice

Learn more about this topic by watching videos from The New York Times YouTube channel below and practice with these activities :

Reading Practice

Read more about this topic and use these ideas to practice :

History of Tobacco

Speaking Practice

Practice with the following speaking questions from the real IELTS speaking exam :

How can people improve their physical health?
What about their mental health?
In what ways can teachers encourage students to do sports?
What is the role of doctors in raising health awareness?
Can social media also play a role?

Writing Practice

Practice with the related IELTS essay topic below:

Some think that governments should tax unhealthy foods to encourage people to eat healthier.

IELTS Writing Task 2 Sample Answer Essay: Unhealthy Foods (Real Past IELTS Tests/Exams)

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Very useful

You’re welcome!

There is a statement that tobacco products like cigarettes damage health all over the world, and they should be banned by governments for the health of citizens. In my opinion, tobacco is harmful to not only smokers, but also people around them. Moreover, governments should take the responsibility of public health rather than impose tax to cigarettes factories. The harm of second-hand smoke is far more serious to people than that of first-hand smoke. A research from the UK indicates that more than half the harmful substance in cigarettes would be breathed out by smokers. If there are any people staying with smokers, they would likely inhale the smoke and lead to more serious damage. Moreover, smoke causes larger injuries to babies, kids and old people. It is unreasonable for them to take those smoke. Therefore, stopping smoking benefits all citizens, especially those who do not smoke. The more tax obtained from tobacco production, the more damage it causes to public health. As responsible governments, they should put the happiness of citizens in the most important position, rather than the tax. Although cigarette factories are imposed a large amount of tax, they result in negative influence on people and earn money from the addiction of smokers. Governments should try to enrich the country by other approaches. For example, the land which is used to grow tobacco plants can be changed into a museum or school. The factory that produces cigarettes can be transformed into a cloth or car factory. In sum, smoking is harmful to all people, including those who do not smoke, and the government can replace tobacco production with healthy business. In addition, electric smoke is becoming a serious problem that the government should manage.

Great, Gakki – interesting point about second-hand smoke.

Try not to over-use linking phrases – sometimes it sounds a little mechanical.

Thanks for your advice. I’ll try to do better next time!

You’re getting a lot of good practice in, Gakki!

Please give feedback-

All over the world, due to the habit of smoking, many people are not only suffering from ailments but also losing their lives. In order to ameliorate the health of the populace, completely banning cigarettes and related tobacco products by the government is a solution put forward. I, however, do not concur with the above idea. This essay will elucidate points to support my perspective.

To begin with, totally banning cigarettes and similar tobacco products will have a negative effect on the economy. The cigarette industry is one of the largest industries, generating enormous revenue for governments in the form of taxes. In addition, they are creating employment opportunities for the citizenry. If governments ban the use of tobacco, an inordinate number of people will lose their jobs. The concomitant effect will be lower living standards as well as less money flowing in the reserve since the government will not be able to earn tax money. Moreover, this will imbalance the country’s budget, and funds need to be made available from elsewhere to meet the burgeoning expenses. Furthermore, smoking is addictive because of the presence of nicotine, a chemical that releases happy hormones. It is very difficult to terminate this addiction. Besides this, people will try to circumvent the laws to acquire cigarettes. For instance, narcotics are illicit items. Apparently, it is still in use because people find ways to purchase them in black markets to satisfy their cravings. Similarly, if tobacco products are banned, this will add another array of products for sale in black markets. Also, governments will have to spend public funds on policing to keep track of illegal activities related to these products and find ways to curb them.

However, there are a few measures governments can take to deter people from smoking. First and foremost, the government can increase the taxes on cigarettes. This by no means will stop people from smoking entirely, but will definitely lower their consumption level. For example, if prices rise, a person who smokes 10 cigarettes per day may reduce that to 5. Another viable step is to create an awareness of the ill-effects of direct smoking and second-hand smoking. This can be done by printing photos of people suffering from lung cancer on one side of the packaging of cigarettes, and on the other side, short stories of people whose families have been impacted by indirect smoking. Also, governments should put a ban on advertisements that showcase tobacco products.

To conclude, although people’s health suffers due to smoking, in my opinion, imposing a ban on cigarettes and other tobacco products is not a pragmatic long-term solution. Governments should, instead, implement other plausible steps such as levying heavy taxes, engendering awareness, and banning commercials promoting them.

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Smoking: Causes and Effects Essay

To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
As a template for you assignment

Among numerous bad habits of modern society smoking seems to be of the greatest importance. Not only does it affect the person who smokes, but also those who are around him. Many people argue about the appropriate definition of smoking, whether it is a disease or just a bad habit. Considering the peculiarities of a habit and of a disease, smoking can be considered as a habit rather than a disease. Among signifiers of a bad habit, it should be pointed out that a bad habit can be controlled by willpower, it can be prevented, and it can be cured (Gilman and Zun 33). Smoking can be fought against with the help of all the points mentioned above. Thus, it is a bad habit which can be easily refused if an individual possessing it has a strong decision to quit. Moreover, it can be cured in many different ways, and it can be prevented by education and other social norms.

Considering the first element, which one of the most important out of the three, willpower is a key to get rid of such a bad habit as smoking, which is very difficult to give up. If a person has a strong determination to quit smoking, he will have to endure considerably a short period of time of physical discomfort. One of the most important part of quitting, is that that is doesn’t require medical help, that is to say, a person is not likely to suffer a procedure that is risky to health and life. In comparison to alcoholism or drug addiction, where medical help is essential to save life of a person who needs a certain amount of an alcohol or drug substance in has blood to survive, the lack of nicotine in blood produces just a physical discomfort that is not dangerous for health and can be handled with the help of willpower. Regarding the second aspect of a bad habit, prevention, smoking can be prevented in early childhood with the help of proper education and social norms (Brinkman et al 689). Many people start smoking when they are teenagers just to prove they are adults in companies. If the society was able to produce a negative impression of this bad habit, so that it doesn’t seem to be sign of being an adult, it would be easier to prevent many children from smoking (Albaum et al 11).

The last aspect of a bad habit is a cure for it. Smoking can be cured in many different ways. There are many different techniques, starting from a nicotine plaster and ending with special clinics and communities helping people to get rid of this problem. If a person wants to quit, he or she has various options to help him or her to solve this problem. To conclude, smoking is a bad habit that can be easily quitted. Although there is an addiction to smoking, the lack of nicotine is not dangerous to the life of a smoker and can be handled without medical intervention. The most important aspect of this bad habit, which actually makes a habit, is that it can be quitted with the help of willpower. Moreover, it can be prevented with alteration of attitude towards smoking and it can be cured in many different ways (Albaum et al 23).

Despite widespread public awareness of the multiple health risks associated with smoking, one out of every four girls under age 18 is a smoker and more than 25 million American women smoke. Whereas the last two decades have seen an overall decrease in smoking prevalence, the rate of smoking has declined much more slowly among women than among men. If current trends continue, smoking rates of women will overtake those of men by the year 2000. Smoking rates are highest, approaching 30%, among women of reproductive age (18–44 years). Rates of smoking are particularly high among young White women with a high school education or less and low income. Cessation rates are lower among African American women (30% have quit) compared to White women (43% have quit). Minority and young women who have low rates of self-initiated cessation are also underrepresented in formal smoking cessation programs (Gilman and Zun 87). A greater proportion of women than men are pre-contemplators, that is, not considering quitting smoking within 6 months and have lower self-confidence that they could quit if they were to try. The debate continues regarding whether or not women are less likely to be successful at quitting when they try than men, with some evidence suggesting that women are more likely than men to relapse and others indicating no gender differences). Regardless, rates of relapse are very high, both among self-quitters and those who participate in formal cessation programs (Albaum et al 24).

Interventions specifically designed for smokers have attempted to address the role of weight concerns as an inhibitor to cessation and long-term maintenance. A randomized trial tested nicotine gum or a behavioral weight control program each alone, or in combination as adjuncts to an intensive group cessation intervention for weight concerned women smokers. The intervention integrated accepted cognitive and behavioral coping strategies for quitting smoking, changing eating behaviors, and developing a walking program.

Works Cited

Albaum, G., Baker, K.G., Hozier, G.C., Rogers, R.D. Smoking Behavior, Information Sources, and Consumption Values of Teenagers: Implications for Public Policy and Other Intervention Failures. Journal of Consumer Affairs , 36 (1), 2002: 5-55.

Brinkman, M.C., Callahan, P.J., Gordon, S.M., Kenny, D.V., Wallace, L.A. Volatile Organic Compounds as Breath Biomarkers for Active and Passive Smoking. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110 (7), 2002, p. 689.

Gilman Sander L. and Xhou Zun. Smoke: A GlobalHistory of Smoking. Reaktion Books; illustrated edition edition, 2004.

The Relationship Between the High Rate of Urbanization in Africa and AIDS Spread
Health Care System Improvements for the Eastern Michigan University
Lifestyle Management While Quitting Smoking
Advocating for Smoking Cessation: Health Professional Role
Behavior Modification Technique: Smoking Cessation
Environmental Health Problems and Health Inequity
“Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public’s Health” by Leavitt
Causes and Effects of Marital Stress on the Health of Women
Health, Disease and Social Problems
Disease Risk Measures in Public Health
Chicago (A-D)
Chicago (N-B)

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How to Write Papers about Smoking

Academic writing

Essay paper writing

There is an opinion among the students that writing an essay is quite an easy task. So young people pay great attention to the design of a title page and bibliography, trying to meet the professor’s requirements, while the content of the paper does not always appear to be flawless. Getting a low mark, they definitely ask a question, “How to write an excellent negative effects of smoking cigarettes essay?” Don’t worry! You won’t get in the same situation because in this article prepared by our papers writing service, you can find out all the useful tips and interesting information to make your assignment worth the excellent mark!

To begin with, you have to recollect your English language lessons in high school. An essay is a presentation of your thoughts and ideas substantiated by one or several sources. So you need to think thoroughly how to formulate your vision of the issue to convey the message clearly and efficiently.

Approximate structural plan of an essay or research paper on smoking

The first question that may come to your mind is how to structure your paper. Actually, a research paper or an essay on smoking should have a strict structure. It includes:

Smoking essay introduction. Here, you give a brief description of your ideas as well as mention your goals and objectives. It is also necessary to indicate which sources your paper is based on. One more important point to consider here is a thesis statement on smoking, which your essay will be based on.
Main part. This is the biggest part of your paper, where it is necessary to present and elaborate on your arguments. The central part should not consist of a long continuous text, so it is necessary to add sub-headings into the chapters. It should also be remembered that a thesis about smoking set in the introductory part should be supported and build upon here.
Final part. This section should be consistent with the stated problem. If we are talking about a short essay about smoking, you should briefly restate the thesis and the main arguments, as well as leave the reader with something to think about. If you are writing a research paper, you need to present a general conclusion based on goals or questions raised in the introduction. What is common for most types of papers is that you need to rephrase the thesis about smoking that was made in the intro to remind the readers what the focus of your work was.
Bibliography. It is a list of literature used in the paper. It’s worth remembering that only scholarly sources should be used if you want your work to be credible. Questionable websites and even news will reduce the credibility of your paper, especially if it’s a research paper about smoking, not just an essay.

How is an anti-smoking essay assessed?

We all know that writing is a challenging and time-consuming process. Of course, the simplest way to cope with the paper is to download a sample essay about smoking cigarettes on the Web. However, you should not be surprised by a low mark for your assignment if you do so. Moreover, downloading a ready-made essay from any website, you will get a paper with a high plagiarism index.

So, the best way to cope with the assignment is to write an essay on your own. It is recommended to write a paper only after careful study of the problem and taking into account the current state of the tobacco campaign. Sure, you can find a sample of a cause and effect essay on smoking just to see how it is structured and how the author frames the argument. However, your final paper should not be based on any of the info you read there.

Next, you will find out key ideas that can be used in your research.

Content for a quit smoking essay

It is better to start a persuasive essay about smoking with statistical information. Mention that each smoker who consumes 20 cigarettes per day voluntarily shortens his or her life by five years. The mortality among smokers is approximately 50% higher than among non-smokers.

Sooner or later, keen smokers develop pathological changes in airways, heart, vessels, and gastrointestinal tract, which lead to serious illnesses. According to the report of the World Health Organization, smoking kills one million people each year.

Moreover, this habit is one of the leading causes of cancer in the United States. About 85% of lung cancer cases are results of tobacco consumption. You may use all these facts to come up with the topical effects of smoking thesis statement.

Fortunately, nowadays, there are more and more proponents of a healthy lifestyle. They bring health awareness, smartness, and sportiness into fashion. Moreover, many famous singers and actors also advocate healthy living, influencing the habits of their fans positively.

Dangers of smoking

Writing a smoking cause and effect essay, you can describe the psychology of tobacco addiction. When a person first smokes a cigarette, he or she does not think about severe consequences. Being careless about their health, smokers consider themselves invulnerable, especially since the effects of smoking appear after a few years.

Most people tend to be optimistic. Being healthy, they usually believe that they will always feel good, and diseases are inherent to others. But, unfortunately, this opinion is not justified. The smoking effects essay should lead readers to the idea that it is worth taking preventive measures and abandoning bad habits because cigarettes seriously affect one’s health.

Scientists provide the following data: if tobacco tar is extracted from one thousand cigarettes, up to 2 milligrams of a strong carcinogenic substance will be found in it. This dose is sufficient to cause a malignant tumor in the body of a rat or rabbit. If we consider that some people smoke up to 40 cigarettes per day or even more, they need only 25 days to smoke 1000 cigarettes.

When do people start and quit smoking?

In most cases, people start smoking in high school or college. You may write informative smoking on college campuses essay describing psychological factors that push young people to start smoking.

A slight decrease in the number of smokers is observed after people reach the age of 25 years. A lot of men begin to limit the consumption of cigarettes when they reach 40-44 years. After 45, they may refuse to smoke at all. This happens with most women after 50.

Mention that it is not so difficult to quit a bad habit in your persuasive essay on smoking. Sports, traveling, and lack of contact with smokers will help to get rid of tobacco addiction, as well as cancer risk, chronic bronchitis, and other diseases.

Composition of tobacco smoke

When people inhale the smoke of a cigarette, the temperature on its tip reaches 60 degrees and more. In such thermal conditions, tobacco and paper smolder. About 200 harmful substances are formed, including carbon monoxide, soot, benzopyrene, formic, hydrocyanic acid, arsenic, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and acetylene. Smoking one cigarette is equivalent to staying on a busy highway for 36 hours. It is undoubtedly a shocking fact, which can be used as a hook for your smoking persuasive essay.

There are a lot of ways you can elaborate on the hook. For example, you can introduce more factual information. It is well known that carbon monoxide influences the respiratory pigment of blood – hemoglobin. As a result, the respiration process is disordered. It is observed that, when a person smokes a pack of cigarettes, the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood increases to 7-10%. Thus, all the organs of smokers continuously suffer from the terrible lack of oxygen.

Passive smokers get only a quarter of a toxic dose from the smoke. However, it is already a sufficient reason to write smoking in public places essay. Unfortunately, many people just do not agree with the fact that their health, as well as a well-being of others, is gradually aggravating due to this habit. Therefore, it is necessary to raise awareness about the risks smoking poses not only to smokers, but also those who fall victims to the choice of the former. Writing a “Smoking should be banned in public places” essay is one the ways you can educate the public.

The effect of smoking on the human body

Nicotine reaches the brain after less than 10 seconds from the first inhalation. At first glance, it improves the transfer of nerve impulses. Eventually, the brain gets used to constant inflows of the drug, which facilitates its work to some extent. Then the body begins to demand the nicotine and does not want to work on its own. Otherwise, the anxiety, irritability, and nervousness will appear. “Stop smoking” persuasive essay should encourage the readers to avoid this insidious trap.

Respiratory organs are first to suffer from tobacco use. Passing through the respiratory tract, the smoke affects mucous membranes of the throat, as well as nasopharynx, bronchus trachea, and pulmonary alveolus. The constant irritation of a bronchial mucosa can trigger the development of bronchial asthma. Chronic inflammation of an upper respiratory tract and bronchitis accompanied by debilitating coughing are the destiny of all smokers. Moreover, there was established a direct link between smoking and lip, laryngeal, and trachea cancer.

Furthermore, in the past decade, scientists and practitioners were concerned by the detrimental effect of the tobacco smoke components on a cardiovascular system.

Numerous experiments have shown that the level of corticosteroids, adrenaline, and norepinephrine increases sharply after a person smokes a cigarette. These biologically active substances induce the cardiac muscle to work in a more rapid rhythm. The volume of the heart and the speed of myocardial contractions increase, and blood pressure rises.

It is observed that the heart of a smoker makes 12-15 thousand more beats a day than the heart of a non-smoker. Excessive constant loading leads to ‘wear and tear’ which may cause heart failure. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the myocardium does not get the amount of oxygen that is necessary for such intensive work.

All this contributes to the early development of coronary heart disease. It is fully justified that scientists and practitioners call smoking one of the first risk factors for myocardial infarction. It is confirmed by the statistics of developed countries that infarction at a relatively young age (40-50 years) almost exclusively happen with smokers. This is definitely worth mentioning in an argumentative essay about smoking.

The nicotine and other components of tobacco also affect the digestive system. Scientific research and clinical observations unequivocally testify that long-term smoking contributes to the occurrence of peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum. Abdomen vessels are in a state of constant spasm if a person smokes a lot for a long time. Organs are poorly supplied with oxygen and nutrients, and secretion of gastric juice is aggravated, which results in gastritis or a peptic ulcer. A survey showed that for 69% of patients with a peptic ulcer, the development of the disease was a direct cause of smoking.

Furthermore, women of middle age could keep their teeth in much better condition if they avoid smoking at a young age. According to the results of the research, only 26% of non-smoking ladies aged 50+ needed dental prosthetics, unlike 48% of smokers.

In addition, smoking adversely affects human hearing organs. Even 20 cigarettes consumed per day lead to a weakening of the normal perception of a spoken language.

Finally, it’s a common fact that smoking harms the health of a pregnant woman. During pregnancy, the negative effects of tobacco manifest much faster and affect the embryo. It is proved that if a mother smoked before childbirth, the weight of a newborn is 150-200 grams less than the average.

Trisomy, which is the presence of an extra chromosome in a person’s genetic code, often leads to serious hereditary diseases. Scientists have been studying the causes of this phenomenon for a long time, and physicians from Columbia University discovered a direct link between smoking and trisomy in pregnant women. Statistical calculations showed that the risk of this deviation for female smokers is much higher than for non-smokers. This is a serious basis for writing a good “smoking should be banned” essay.

Teenager and cigarettes

Nowadays, many young girls and boys smoke cigarettes. It has been observed that most of them tried smoking for the first time at the age of 15. Quite often, it is connected with the behavior of adults, mostly parents. The example of a non-smoking father is much better than any prohibitions and explanations that should convince us of the uselessness and harm of smoking. Conversely, a child who is accustomed to seeing parents or relatives with a cigarette perceives smoking as something casual. Moreover, according to the erroneous ideas of teenagers, this bad habit is a sign of courage and independence to which they aspire due to their age.

Parents should know that the younger a child is, the more sensitive their organism is to tobacco. First of all, nicotine and other harmful elements disrupt the regular activity of the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. Not only actual smoking but also passive one contributes to sleep disturbance, irritability, and neuroses.

While a person is young and full of strength and energy, he/she usually does not think about future illnesses. It seems that health and youth are eternal. But unfortunately, it is not true.

Get rid of addiction

To quit smoking, a person must say goodbye to this bad habit once and for all. Otherwise, no medication will help.

It is relatively easy to give up tobacco to a smoker with a little experience as the nicotine addiction is not that serious. By the way, there are some useful and interesting means of reducing the craving for cigarettes, which you may mention in your paper.

In particular, it is recommended to rinse the mouth with a drinking soda solution (1 teaspoon per glass of water), oak bark infusion, or tannin. The process of quitting can also be alleviated by healthy diet, long walks, physical exercises, and respiratory gymnastics.

Those who decided to say goodbye to cigarettes after many years of smoking, especially in old age, or suffering from cardiovascular diseases, should resort to the help of an addiction medicine physician.

Moreover, health statistics have concluded that the vast majority of smokers are not strong-willed people. They surely understand that tobacco is harmful and agree that it is necessary to stop smoking, but do not take any actions.

To help such people, Swiss engineers have created a programmable cigarette case. During the first week, it may be opened once an hour, then every 1,5 hours, and eventually, once in 3-4 hours. What is more, it is possible to pull out only one cigarette. And when you try to get an extra cigarette, the mechanism breaks down without any possibility of further repair.

Italian researchers offered another tool – a gas lighter with liquid crystals and a logic block. Figures on display show the number of cigarettes smoked per day according to the set plan or beyond. The daily rhythm (the amount of time between smoking cigarettes) is also calculated. If this period is shorter than the programmed one, the inscription appears on display: “Do not hurry!”

The Japanese also offered a lighter for those who want to quit smoking. The built-in miniature device plays the first chords of a funeral march each time the accessory is used.

Finally, representatives of one American company nested a sound device in an ashtray. When users extinguish a cigarette, pressing it to the bottom, a strained cough with loud and gurgling sound is heard. Such devices really help people to reduce the number of consumed cigarettes. But of course, the main thing that allows one to quit smoking is willpower.

Now you know how to write an argumentative essay about the harm of smoking. We hope that your scientific work will be successful. Good luck!

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National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2012.

Cover of Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults

Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General.

1 introduction, summary, and conclusions.

Introduction

Tobacco use is a global epidemic among young people. As with adults, it poses a serious health threat to youth and young adults in the United States and has significant implications for this nation’s public and economic health in the future ( Perry et al. 1994 ; Kessler 1995 ). The impact of cigarette smoking and other tobacco use on chronic disease, which accounts for 75% of American spending on health care ( Anderson 2010 ), is well-documented and undeniable. Although progress has been made since the first Surgeon General’s report on smoking and health in 1964 ( U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare [USDHEW] 1964 ), nearly one in four high school seniors is a current smoker. Most young smokers become adult smokers. One-half of adult smokers die prematurely from tobacco-related diseases ( Fagerström 2002 ; Doll et al. 2004 ). Despite thousands of programs to reduce youth smoking and hundreds of thousands of media stories on the dangers of tobacco use, generation after generation continues to use these deadly products, and family after family continues to suffer the devastating consequences. Yet a robust science base exists on social, biological, and environmental factors that influence young people to use tobacco, the physiology of progression from experimentation to addiction, other health effects of tobacco use, the epidemiology of youth and young adult tobacco use, and evidence-based interventions that have proven effective at reducing both initiation and prevalence of tobacco use among young people. Those are precisely the issues examined in this report, which aims to support the application of this robust science base.

Nearly all tobacco use begins in childhood and adolescence ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS] 1994 ). In all, 88% of adult smokers who smoke daily report that they started smoking by the age of 18 years (see Chapter 3 , “The Epidemiology of Tobacco Use Among Young People in the United States and Worldwide”). This is a time in life of great vulnerability to social influences ( Steinberg 2004 ), such as those offered through the marketing of tobacco products and the modeling of smoking by attractive role models, as in movies ( Dalton et al. 2009 ), which have especially strong effects on the young. This is also a time in life of heightened sensitivity to normative influences: as tobacco use is less tolerated in public areas and there are fewer social or regular users of tobacco, use decreases among youth ( Alesci et al. 2003 ). And so, as we adults quit, we help protect our children.

Cigarettes are the only legal consumer products in the world that cause one-half of their long-term users to die prematurely ( Fagerström 2002 ; Doll et al. 2004 ). As this epidemic continues to take its toll in the United States, it is also increasing in low- and middle-income countries that are least able to afford the resulting health and economic consequences ( Peto and Lopez 2001 ; Reddy et al. 2006 ). It is past time to end this epidemic. To do so, primary prevention is required, for which our focus must be on youth and young adults. As noted in this report, we now have a set of proven tools and policies that can drastically lower youth initiation and use of tobacco products. Fully committing to using these tools and executing these policies consistently and aggressively is the most straight forward and effective to making future generations tobacco-free.

The 1994 Surgeon General’s Report

This Surgeon General’s report on tobacco is the second to focus solely on young people since these reports began in 1964. Its main purpose is to update the science of smoking among youth since the first comprehensive Surgeon General’s report on tobacco use by youth, Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People , was published in 1994 ( USDHHS 1994 ). That report concluded that if young people can remain free of tobacco until 18 years of age, most will never start to smoke. The report documented the addiction process for young people and how the symptoms of addiction in youth are similar to those in adults. Tobacco was also presented as a gateway drug among young people, because its use generally precedes and increases the risk of using illicit drugs. Cigarette advertising and promotional activities were seen as a potent way to increase the risk of cigarette smoking among young people, while community-wide efforts were shown to have been successful in reducing tobacco use among youth. All of these conclusions remain important, relevant, and accurate, as documented in the current report, but there has been considerable research since 1994 that greatly expands our knowledge about tobacco use among youth, its prevention, and the dynamics of cessation among young people. Thus, there is a compelling need for the current report.

Tobacco Control Developments

Since 1994, multiple legal and scientific developments have altered the tobacco control environment and thus have affected smoking among youth. The states and the U.S. Department of Justice brought lawsuits against cigarette companies, with the result that many internal documents of the tobacco industry have been made public and have been analyzed and introduced into the science of tobacco control. Also, the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement with the tobacco companies resulted in the elimination of billboard and transit advertising as well as print advertising that directly targeted underage youth and limitations on the use of brand sponsorships ( National Association of Attorneys General [NAAG] 1998 ). This settlement also created the American Legacy Foundation, which implemented a nationwide antismoking campaign targeting youth. In 2009, the U.S. Congress passed a law that gave the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authority to regulate tobacco products in order to promote the public’s health ( Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act 2009 ). Certain tobacco companies are now subject to regulations limiting their ability to market to young people. In addition, they have had to reimburse state governments (through agreements made with some states and the Master Settlement Agreement) for some health care costs. Due in part to these changes, there was a decrease in tobacco use among adults and among youth following the Master Settlement Agreement, which is documented in this current report.

Recent Surgeon General Reports Addressing Youth Issues

Other reports of the Surgeon General since 1994 have also included major conclusions that relate to tobacco use among youth ( Office of the Surgeon General 2010 ). In 1998, the report focused on tobacco use among U.S. racial/ethnic minority groups ( USDHHS 1998 ) and noted that cigarette smoking among Black and Hispanic youth increased in the 1990s following declines among all racial/ethnic groups in the 1980s; this was particularly notable among Black youth, and culturally appropriate interventions were suggested. In 2000, the report focused on reducing tobacco use ( USDHHS 2000b ). A major conclusion of that report was that school-based interventions, when implemented with community- and media-based activities, could reduce or postpone the onset of smoking among adolescents by 20–40%. That report also noted that effective regulation of tobacco advertising and promotional activities directed at young people would very likely reduce the prevalence and onset of smoking. In 2001, the Surgeon General’s report focused on women and smoking ( USDHHS 2001 ). Besides reinforcing much of what was discussed in earlier reports, this report documented that girls were more affected than boys by the desire to smoke for the purpose of weight control. Given the ongoing obesity epidemic ( Bonnie et al. 2007 ), the current report includes a more extensive review of research in this area.

The 2004 Surgeon General’s report on the health consequences of smoking ( USDHHS 2004 ) concluded that there is sufficient evidence to infer that a causal relationship exists between active smoking and (a) impaired lung growth during childhood and adolescence; (b) early onset of decline in lung function during late adolescence and early adulthood; (c) respiratory signs and symptoms in children and adolescents, including coughing, phlegm, wheezing, and dyspnea; and (d) asthma-related symptoms (e.g., wheezing) in childhood and adolescence. The 2004 Surgeon General’s report further provided evidence that cigarette smoking in young people is associated with the development of atherosclerosis.

The 2010 Surgeon General’s report on the biology of tobacco focused on the understanding of biological and behavioral mechanisms that might underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke ( USDHHS 2010 ). Although there are no specific conclusions in that report regarding adolescent addiction, it does describe evidence indicating that adolescents can become dependent at even low levels of consumption. Two studies ( Adriani et al. 2003 ; Schochet et al. 2005 ) referenced in that report suggest that because the adolescent brain is still developing, it may be more susceptible and receptive to nicotine than the adult brain.

Scientific Reviews

Since 1994, several scientific reviews related to one or more aspects of tobacco use among youth have been undertaken that also serve as a foundation for the current report. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) ( Lynch and Bonnie 1994 ) released Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths, a report that provided policy recommendations based on research to that date. In 1998, IOM provided a white paper, Taking Action to Reduce Tobacco Use, on strategies to reduce the increasing prevalence (at that time) of smoking among young people and adults. More recently, IOM ( Bonnie et al. 2007 ) released a comprehensive report entitled Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation . Although that report covered multiple potential approaches to tobacco control, not just those focused on youth, it characterized the overarching goal of reducing smoking as involving three distinct steps: “reducing the rate of initiation of smoking among youth (IOM [ Lynch and Bonnie] 1994 ), reducing involuntary tobacco smoke exposure ( National Research Council 1986 ), and helping people quit smoking” (p. 3). Thus, reducing onset was seen as one of the primary goals of tobacco control.

As part of USDHHS continuing efforts to assess the health of the nation, prevent disease, and promote health, the department released, in 2000, Healthy People 2010 and, in 2010, Healthy People 2020 ( USDHHS 2000a , 2011 ). Healthy People provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans. For 3 decades, Healthy People has established benchmarks and monitored progress over time in order to encourage collaborations across sectors, guide individuals toward making informed health decisions, and measure the impact of prevention activities. Each iteration of Healthy People serves as the nation’s disease prevention and health promotion roadmap for the decade. Both Healthy People 2010 and Healthy People 2020 highlight “Tobacco Use” as one of the nation’s “Leading Health Indicators,” feature “Tobacco Use” as one of its topic areas, and identify specific measurable tobacco-related objectives and targets for the nation to strive for. Healthy People 2010 and Healthy People 2020 provide tobacco objectives based on the most current science and detailed population-based data to drive action, assess tobacco use among young people, and identify racial and ethnic disparities. Additionally, many of the Healthy People 2010 and 2020 tobacco objectives address reductions of tobacco use among youth and target decreases in tobacco advertising in venues most often influencing young people. A complete list of the healthy people 2020 objectives can be found on their Web site ( USDHHS 2011 ).

In addition, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health has published monographs pertinent to the topic of tobacco use among youth. In 2001, NCI published Monograph 14, Changing Adolescent Smoking Prevalence , which reviewed data on smoking among youth in the 1990s, highlighted important statewide intervention programs, presented data on the influence of marketing by the tobacco industry and the pricing of cigarettes, and examined differences in smoking by racial/ethnic subgroup ( NCI 2001 ). In 2008, NCI published Monograph 19, The Role of the Media in Promoting and Reducing Tobacco Use ( NCI 2008 ). Although young people were not the sole focus of this Monograph, the causal relationship between tobacco advertising and promotion and increased tobacco use, the impact on youth of depictions of smoking in movies, and the success of media campaigns in reducing youth tobacco use were highlighted as major conclusions of the report.

The Community Preventive Services Task Force (2011) provides evidence-based recommendations about community preventive services, programs, and policies on a range of topics including tobacco use prevention and cessation ( Task Force on Community Preventive Services 2001 , 2005 ). Evidence reviews addressing interventions to reduce tobacco use initiation and restricting minors’ access to tobacco products were cited and used to inform the reviews in the current report. The Cochrane Collaboration (2010) has also substantially contributed to the review literature on youth and tobacco use by producing relevant systematic assessments of health-related programs and interventions. Relevant to this Surgeon General’s report are Cochrane reviews on interventions using mass media ( Sowden 1998 ), community interventions to prevent smoking ( Sowden and Stead 2003 ), the effects of advertising and promotional activities on smoking among youth ( Lovato et al. 2003 , 2011 ), preventing tobacco sales to minors ( Stead and Lancaster 2005 ), school-based programs ( Thomas and Perara 2006 ), programs for young people to quit using tobacco ( Grimshaw and Stanton 2006 ), and family programs for preventing smoking by youth ( Thomas et al. 2007 ). These reviews have been cited throughout the current report when appropriate.

In summary, substantial new research has added to our knowledge and understanding of tobacco use and control as it relates to youth since the 1994 Surgeon General’s report, including updates and new data in subsequent Surgeon General’s reports, in IOM reports, in NCI Monographs, and in Cochrane Collaboration reviews, in addition to hundreds of peer-reviewed publications, book chapters, policy reports, and systematic reviews. Although this report is a follow-up to the 1994 report, other important reviews have been undertaken in the past 18 years and have served to fill the gap during an especially active and important time in research on tobacco control among youth.

Focus of the Report

Young People

This report focuses on “young people.” In general, work was reviewed on the health consequences, epidemiology, etiology, reduction, and prevention of tobacco use for those in the young adolescent (11–14 years of age), adolescent (15–17 years of age), and young adult (18–25 years of age) age groups. When possible, an effort was made to be specific about the age group to which a particular analysis, study, or conclusion applies. Because hundreds of articles, books, and reports were reviewed, however, there are, unavoidably, inconsistencies in the terminology used. “Adolescents,” “children,” and “youth” are used mostly interchangeably throughout this report. In general, this group encompasses those 11–17 years of age, although “children” is a more general term that will include those younger than 11 years of age. Generally, those who are 18–25 years old are considered young adults (even though, developmentally, the period between 18–20 years of age is often labeled late adolescence), and those 26 years of age or older are considered adults.

In addition, it is important to note that the report is concerned with active smoking or use of smokeless tobacco on the part of the young person. The report does not consider young people’s exposure to secondhand smoke, also referred to as involuntary or passive smoking, which was discussed in the 2006 report of the Surgeon General ( USDHHS 2006 ). Additionally, the report does not discuss research on children younger than 11 years old; there is very little evidence of tobacco use in the United States by children younger than 11 years of age, and although there may be some predictors of later tobacco use in those younger years, the research on active tobacco use among youth has been focused on those 11 years of age and older.

Tobacco Use

Although cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use in the United States, this report focuses on other forms as well, such as using smokeless tobacco (including chew and snuff) and smoking a product other than a cigarette, such as a pipe, cigar, or bidi (tobacco wrapped in tendu leaves). Because for young people the use of one form of tobacco has been associated with use of other tobacco products, it is particularly important to monitor all forms of tobacco use in this age group. The term “tobacco use” in this report indicates use of any tobacco product. When the word “smoking” is used alone, it refers to cigarette smoking.

Organization of the Report

This chapter begins by providing a short synopsis of other reports that have addressed smoking among youth and, after listing the major conclusions of this report, will end by presenting conclusions specific to each chapter. Chapter 2 of this report (“The Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Young People”) focuses on the diseases caused by early tobacco use, the addiction process, the relation of body weight to smoking, respiratory and pulmonary problems associated with tobacco use, and cardiovascular effects. Chapter 3 (“The Epidemiology of Tobacco Use Among Young People in the United States and Worldwide”) provides recent and long-term cross-sectional and longitudinal data on cigarette smoking, use of smokeless tobacco, and the use of other tobacco products by young people, by racial/ethnic group and gender, primarily in the United States, but including some worldwide data as well. Chapter 4 (“Social, Environmental, Cognitive, and Genetic Influences on the Use of Tobacco Among Youth”) identifies the primary risk factors associated with tobacco use among youth at four levels, including the larger social and physical environments, smaller social groups, cognitive factors, and genetics and neurobiology. Chapter 5 (“The Tobacco Industry’s Influences on the Use of Tobacco Among Youth”) includes data on marketing expenditures for the tobacco industry over time and by category, the effects of cigarette advertising and promotional activities on young people’s smoking, the effects of price and packaging on use, the use of the Internet and movies to market tobacco products, and an evaluation of efforts by the tobacco industry to prevent tobacco use among young people. Chapter 6 (“Efforts to Prevent and Reduce Tobacco Use Among Young People”) provides evidence on the effectiveness of family-based, clinic-based, and school-based programs, mass media campaigns, regulatory and legislative approaches, increased cigarette prices, and community and statewide efforts in the fight against tobacco use among youth. Chapter 7 (“A Vision for Ending the Tobacco Epidemic”) points to next steps in preventing and reducing tobacco use among young people.

Preparation of the Report

This report of the Surgeon General was prepared by the Office on Smoking and Health (OSH), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USDHHS. In 2008, 18 external independent scientists reviewed the 1994 report and suggested areas to be added and updated. These scientists also suggested chapter editors and a senior scientific editor, who were contacted by OSH. Each chapter editor named external scientists who could contribute, and 33 content experts prepared draft sections. The draft sections were consolidated into chapters by the chapter editors and then reviewed by the senior scientific editor, with technical editing performed by CDC. The chapters were sent individually to 34 peer reviewers who are experts in the areas covered and who reviewed the chapters for scientific accuracy and comprehensiveness. The entire manuscript was then sent to more than 25 external senior scientists who reviewed the science of the entire document. After each review cycle, the drafts were revised by the chapter and senior scientific editor on the basis of the experts’ comments. Subsequently, the report was reviewed by various agencies within USDHHS. Publication lags prevent up-to-the-minute inclusion of all recently published articles and data, and so some more recent publications may not be cited in this report.

Evaluation of the Evidence

Since the first Surgeon General’s report in 1964 on smoking and health ( USDHEW 1964 ), major conclusions concerning the conditions and diseases caused by cigarette smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco have been based on explicit criteria for causal inference ( USDHHS 2004 ). Although a number of different criteria have been proposed for causal inference since the 1960s, this report focuses on the five commonly accepted criteria that were used in the original 1964 report and that are discussed in greater detail in the 2004 report on the health consequences of smoking ( USDHHS 2004 ). The five criteria refer to the examination of the association between two variables, such as a risk factor (e.g., smoking) and an outcome (e.g., lung cancer). Causal inference between these variables is based on (1) the consistency of the association across multiple studies; this is the persistent finding of an association in different persons, places, circumstances, and times; (2) the degree of the strength of association, that is, the magnitude and statistical significance of the association in multiple studies; (3) the specificity of the association to clearly demonstrate that tobacco use is robustly associated with the condition, even if tobacco use has multiple effects and multiple causes exist for the condition; (4) the temporal relationship of the association so that tobacco use precedes disease onset; and (5) the coherence of the association, that is, the argument that the association makes scientific sense, given data from other sources and understanding of biological and psychosocial mechanisms ( USDHHS 2004 ). Since the 2004 Surgeon General’s report, The Health Consequences of Smoking , a four-level hierarchy ( Table 1.1 ) has been used to assess the research data on associations discussed in these reports ( USDHHS 2004 ). In general, this assessment was done by the chapter editors and then reviewed as appropriate by peer reviewers, senior scientists, and the scientific editors. For a relationship to be considered sufficient to be characterized as causal, multiple studies over time provided evidence in support of each criteria.

Four-level hierarchy for classifying the strength of causal inferences based on available evidence.

When a causal association is presented in the chapter conclusions in this report, these four levels are used to describe the strength of the evidence of the association, from causal (1) to not causal (4). Within the report, other terms are used to discuss the evidence to date (i.e., mixed, limited, and equivocal evidence), which generally represent an inadequacy of data to inform a conclusion.

However, an assessment of a casual relationship is not utilized in presenting all of the report’s conclusions. The major conclusions are written to be important summary statements that are easily understood by those reading the report. Some conclusions, particularly those found in Chapter 3 (epidemiology), provide observations and data related to tobacco use among young people, and are generally not examinations of causal relationships. For those conclusions that are written using the hierarchy above, a careful and extensive review of the literature has been undertaken for this report, based on the accepted causal criteria ( USDHHS 2004 ). Evidence that was characterized as Level 1 or Level 2 was prioritized for inclusion as chapter conclusions.

In additional to causal inferences, statistical estimation and hypothesis testing of associations are presented. For example, confidence intervals have been added to the tables in the chapter on the epidemiology of youth tobacco use (see Chapter 3 ), and statistical testing has been conducted for that chapter when appropriate. The chapter on efforts to prevent tobacco use discusses the relative improvement in tobacco use rates when implementing one type of program (or policy) versus a control program. Statistical methods, including meta-analytic methods and longitudinal trajectory analyses, are also presented to ensure that the methods of evaluating data are up to date with the current cutting-edge research that has been reviewed. Regardless of the methods used to assess significance, the five causal criteria discussed above were applied in developing the conclusions of each chapter and the report.

Major Conclusions
Cigarette smoking by youth and young adults has immediate adverse health consequences, including addiction, and accelerates the development of chronic diseases across the full life course.
Prevention efforts must focus on both adolescents and young adults because among adults who become daily smokers, nearly all first use of cigarettes occurs by 18 years of age (88%), with 99% of first use by 26 years of age.
Advertising and promotional activities by tobacco companies have been shown to cause the onset and continuation of smoking among adolescents and young adults.
After years of steady progress, declines in the use of tobacco by youth and young adults have slowed for cigarette smoking and stalled for smokeless tobacco use.
Coordinated, multicomponent interventions that combine mass media campaigns, price increases including those that result from tax increases, school-based policies and programs, and statewide or community-wide changes in smoke-free policies and norms are effective in reducing the initiation, prevalence, and intensity of smoking among youth and young adults.
Chapter Conclusions

The following are the conclusions presented in the substantive chapters of this report.

Chapter 2. The Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Young People

The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between smoking and addiction to nicotine, beginning in adolescence and young adulthood.
The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to conclude that smoking contributes to future use of marijuana and other illicit drugs.
The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to conclude that smoking by adolescents and young adults is not associated with significant weight loss, contrary to young people’s beliefs.
The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between active smoking and both reduced lung function and impaired lung growth during childhood and adolescence.
The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between active smoking and wheezing severe enough to be diagnosed as asthma in susceptible child and adolescent populations.
The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between smoking in adolescence and young adulthood and early abdominal aortic atherosclerosis in young adults.
The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between smoking in adolescence and young adulthood and coronary artery atherosclerosis in adulthood.

Chapter 3. The Epidemiology of Tobacco Use Among Young People in the United States and Worldwide

Among adults who become daily smokers, nearly all first use of cigarettes occurs by 18 years of age (88%), with 99% of first use by 26 years of age.
Almost one in four high school seniors is a current (in the past 30 days) cigarette smoker, compared with one in three young adults and one in five adults. About 1 in 10 high school senior males is a current smokeless tobacco user, and about 1 in 5 high school senior males is a current cigar smoker.
Among adolescents and young adults, cigarette smoking declined from the late 1990s, particularly after the Master Settlement Agreement in 1998. This decline has slowed in recent years, however.
Significant disparities in tobacco use remain among young people nationwide. The prevalence of cigarette smoking is highest among American Indians and Alaska Natives, followed by Whites and Hispanics, and then Asians and Blacks. The prevalence of cigarette smoking is also highest among lower socioeconomic status youth.
Use of smokeless tobacco and cigars declined in the late 1990s, but the declines appear to have stalled in the last 5 years. The latest data show the use of smokeless tobacco is increasing among White high school males, and cigar smoking may be increasing among Black high school females.
Concurrent use of multiple tobacco products is prevalent among youth. Among those who use tobacco, nearly one-third of high school females and more than one-half of high school males report using more than one tobacco product in the last 30 days.
Rates of tobacco use remain low among girls relative to boys in many developing countries, however, the gender gap between adolescent females and males is narrow in many countries around the globe.

Chapter 4. Social, Environmental, Cognitive, and Genetic Influences on the Use of Tobacco Among Youth

Given their developmental stage, adolescents and young adults are uniquely susceptible to social and environmental influences to use tobacco.
Socioeconomic factors and educational attainment influence the development of youth smoking behavior. The adolescents most likely to begin to use tobacco and progress to regular use are those who have lower academic achievement.
The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between peer group social influences and the initiation and maintenance of smoking behaviors during adolescence.
Affective processes play an important role in youth smoking behavior, with a strong association between youth smoking and negative affect.
The evidence is suggestive that tobacco use is a heritable trait, more so for regular use than for onset. The expression of genetic risk for smoking among young people may be moderated by small-group and larger social-environmental factors.

Chapter 5. The Tobacco Industry’s Influences on the Use of Tobacco Among Youth

In 2008, tobacco companies spent $9.94 billion on the marketing of cigarettes and $547 million on the marketing of smokeless tobacco. Spending on cigarette marketing is 48% higher than in 1998, the year of the Master Settlement Agreement. Expenditures for marketing smokeless tobacco are 277% higher than in 1998.
Tobacco company expenditures have become increasingly concentrated on marketing efforts that reduce the prices of targeted tobacco products. Such expenditures accounted for approximately 84% of cigarette marketing and more than 77% of the marketing of smokeless tobacco products in 2008.
The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between advertising and promotional efforts of the tobacco companies and the initiation and progression of tobacco use among young people.
The evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to conclude that tobacco companies have changed the packaging and design of their products in ways that have increased these products’ appeal to adolescents and young adults.
The tobacco companies’ activities and programs for the prevention of youth smoking have not demonstrated an impact on the initiation or prevalence of smoking among young people.
The evidence is sufficient to conclude that there is a causal relationship between depictions of smoking in the movies and the initiation of smoking among young people.

Chapter 6. Efforts to Prevent and Reduce Tobacco Use Among Young People

The evidence is sufficient to conclude that mass media campaigns, comprehensive community programs, and comprehensive statewide tobacco control programs can prevent the initiation of tobacco use and reduce its prevalence among youth.
The evidence is sufficient to conclude that increases in cigarette prices reduce the initiation, prevalence, and intensity of smoking among youth and young adults.
The evidence is sufficient to conclude that school-based programs with evidence of effectiveness, containing specific components, can produce at least short-term effects and reduce the prevalence of tobacco use among school-aged youth.
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Cite this Page National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2012. 1, Introduction, Summary, and Conclusions.
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Republican Donors, Do You Know Where Your Money Goes?

An illustration showing hands shoving money into an open pit in a table shaped like Donald Trump’s head.

By Juleanna Glover

Juleanna Glover is the chief executive of Ridgely Walsh, a corporate consultancy, and a former adviser to many Republican officials.

We long ago blew past any meaningful controls on political giving in American elections. Now we should focus on the rules governing political spending, which are in equally terrible shape. For that we can blame the Trump campaign and the federal government’s feeble enforcement efforts.

Anyone who has spent time reviewing Donald Trump’s campaign spending reports would quickly conclude they’re a governance nightmare. There is so little disclosure about what happened to the billions raised in 2020 and 2024 that donors (and maybe even the former president himself) can’t possibly know how it was spent.

Federal Election Commission campaign disclosure reports from 2020 show that much of the money donated to the Trump campaign went into a legal and financial black hole reportedly controlled by Trump family members and close associates. This year’s campaign disclosures are shaping up to be the same. Donors big and small give their hard-earned dollars to candidates with the expectation they will be spent on direct efforts to win votes. They deserve better.

During the 2020 election, almost $516 million of the over $780 million spent by the Trump campaign was directed to American Made Media Consultants, a Delaware-based private company created in 2018 that masked the identities of who ultimately received donor dollars, according to a complaint filed with the F.E.C. by the nonpartisan Campaign Legal Center . How A.M.M.C. spent the money was a mystery even to Mr. Trump’s campaign team , according to news reports shortly after the election.

All but 18 of the 150 largest expenditures on a Trump campaign’s 2020 F.E.C. report went to A.M.M.C. None of the expenses were itemized or otherwise explained aside from anodyne descriptions including “placed media,” “SMS advertising” and “online advertising.” F.E.C. rules require candidates to fully and accurately disclose the final recipients of their campaign disbursements, which is usually understood to include when payments are made through a vendor such as A.M.M.C. This disclosure is intended to assure donors their contributions are used for campaign expenses. Currently, neither voters nor law enforcement can know whether any laws were broken.

A.M.M.C.’s first president was reported to be Lara Trump , the wife of Mr. Trump’s son Eric. The New York Times reported that A.M.M.C. had a treasurer who was also the chief financial officer of Mr. Trump’s 2020 presidential campaign. Mr. Trump’s son-in-law Jared Kushner signed off on the plan to set up A.M.M.C., and one of Eric Trump’s deputies from the Trump Organization was involved in running it.

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