case study based questions on heredity and evolution class 10

Case Study Questions Class 10 Science Heredity and Evolution

Case study questions class 10 science chapter 9 heredity and evolution.

CBSE Class 10 Case Study Questions Science Heredity and Evolution. Term 2 Important Case Study Questions for Class 10 Board Exam Students. Here we have arranged some Important Case Base Questions for students who are searching for Paragraph Based Questions Heredity and Evolution.

CBSE Case Study Questions Class 10 Science Heredity and Evolution

A scientist cross pure-bred tall (dominant) pea plant with pure-bred dwarf (recessive) pea plant he will get pea plants of F1 generation. If now self-cross the pea plant of F2 generation is done, then we obtain pea plants of F2 generation.

(a) State the type of plants not found in F2 generation but appeared in F2 generation, mentioning the reason for the same

Answer- Ratio – 3:1

(a) Why did Mendel select a pea plant for his experiments?

Answer- Mandel Selects pea plant for his experiment, because pea plant grown easily in few days and also has some interesting characters. And also, many generations can examined by Mendel in few days or months.

Answer- Yellow pod colour and axial position are dominant traits.

Pure bred pea plant with smooth seeds (dominant characteristic) were crossed with pure bred pea plant with wrinkled seeds (recessive characteristic) . The F1 generation was self pollinated to give rise to the F2 generation.

Answer- Genotypic ratio = 1: 2: 1

CASE STUDY : 4

Case study : 5.

The evolutionary relationships of the species we see around us. It is a sort of going backwards in time. We can do this by identifying hierarchies of characteristics between species. Similarities among organisms will allow us to group them and then study the groups. For this, which characteristics decide more fundamental differences among organisms, and which ones decide less basic differences? What is meant by ‘characteristics’, anyway? Characteristics are details of appearance or behaviour; in other words, a particular form or a particular function. That we have four limbs is thus a characteristic

ii) What are fossil?

CASE STUDY : 6

Ans: Tall and dwarf plant, round/ wrinkled seeds, white / violets flower and on the basis of pod colour etc.

Ans: Genes control traits, the diploid organism inherit two alleles from a gene i.e one is from father and one is from mother.

CASE STUDY : 7

Ans: 23 pairs in which 22 pairs are autosomal and one pair i.e 23rd pair is sex chromosome.

v) What is hermaphrodites?

CASE STUDY : 8

Ans: Geographical isolation, genetic drift, mutation and natural selection.

Case Study Questions Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

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Case study Questions Class 10 Science Chapter 9 are very important to solve for your exam. Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Case Study Questions have been prepared for the latest exam pattern. You can check your knowledge by solving case study-based questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

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In CBSE Class 10 Science Paper, Students will have to answer some questions based on Assertion and Reason . There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage-based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

Heredity and Evolution Case Study Questions With Answers

Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

Case Study/Passage Based Questions

Question 1:

Pea plants can have smooth seeds or wrinkled seeds. One of the phenotypes is completely dominant over the other. A farmer decides to pollinate one flower of a plant with smooth seeds using pollen from plant with wrinkled seeds. The resulting pea pod has all smooth seeds.

(i) Which of the following conclusions can be drawn? (1) The allele for smooth seeds is dominated over that of wrinkled seeds. (2) The plant with smooth seeds is heterozygous. (3) The plant with wrinkled seeds is homozygous. (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (c) 1 and 3 only

(ii) Which of the following crosses will give smooth and wrinkled seeds in same proportion? (a) RR X rr (b) Rr x rr (C) RRX Rr (d) rrrr

Answer: (b) Rr x rr

(iii) Which of the following cross can be used to determine the genotype of a plant with dominant phenotype? (a) RR RR (b) Rr x Rr (c) Rr RR (d) RR x rr

Answer: (d) RR x rr

(iv) On crossing of two heterozygous smooth seeded plants (Rr), a total of 1000 plants were obtained in F 1 generation. What will be the respective number of smooth and wrinkled seeds obtained in F 1 generation? (a) 750, 250 (b) 500, 500 (C) 800, 200 (d) 950, 50

Answer: (a) 750, 250

(v) The characters which appear in the first filial generation are called (a) recessive characters (b) dominant characters (c) lethal characters (d) non-mendelian characters.

Answer: (b) dominant characters

Question 2:

Seema crossed pure breed pea plants having round-yellow seeds with wrinkled green seeds and found that only A-B type of seeds was produced in the F1 generation. When F1 generation pea plants having A-B type of seeds were cross-breed by self-pollination, then in addition to the original round yellow and wrinkled green seeds, two new varieties A-D and C-B types of seeds were also obtained.

2.1) What are the A-B type of seeds? (a) Round -yellow (b) Round- green (c) Wrinkled- yellow (d) Wrinkled- green

Answer(a) Round -yellow

2.2) A-D are __________ and C-B are _______ type of seeds. (a) Round green and wrinkled yellow respectively (b) Wrinkled green and round yellow respectively (c) Round yellow and wrinkled green respectively (d) Wrinkled green and round green respectively

Answer(a) Round green and wrinkled yellow respectively

2.3) A and B are _____________ traits. (a) recessive (b) dominant (c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

Answer(b) dominant

2.4) Which one of these will be produced in maximum number in the F2 generation? (a) A-D (b) A-B (c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

Answer(b) A-B

2.5) The above cross is known as : (a) Test cross (b) Monohybrid cross (c) Back cross (d) Dihybrid cross

Answer(d) Dihybrid cross

Case Study 4

Purebred pea plant with smooth seeds (dominated characteristic) were crossed with a purebred pea plants with wrinkled seeds (recessive characteristic). The F1 generation was self-pollinated to give rise to the F, generation.

4.1) What is the expected observation of the F1 generation of plants? (a) 1/2 of them have smooth seeds and 1/2 of them have wrinkled seeds. (b) 1/4 of them have wrinkled seeds and 3/4 of them have smooth seeds. (c) 3/4 of them have wrinkled seeds and 1/4 of them have smooth seeds. (d) All of them have smooth seeds.

Answer(d) All of them have smooth seeds.

4.2) What is the expected observation of the F2 generation plants ? (a) 1/2 of them have smooth seeds and 1/2 of them have wrinkled seeds. (b) 1/4 of them have wrinkled seeds and 3/4 of them have smooth seeds. (c) 3/4 of them have wrinkled seeds and 1/4 of them have smooth seeds. (d) All of them have smooth seeds.

Answer(b) 1/4 of them have wrinkled seeds and 3/4 of them have smooth seeds.

4.3) If a genotype consists of different types of alleles, it is called : (a) homozygous (b) heterogyzous (c) monoallelic (d) uniallelic

Answer(b) heterogyzous

4.4) The alternative form of gene is called : (a) dominant character (b) recessive character (c) alternative genes (d) allele

Answer(d) allele

4.5) Which of the following will be the genotypic ratio of the given F2 generation? (a) 1:3 (b) 3:1 (c) 1:2:1 (d) 1:1:1

Answer(c) 1:2:1

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CBSE 10th Standard Science Subject Heredity and Evolution Chapter Case Study Questions With Solution 2021

By QB365 on 21 May, 2021

QB365 Provides the updated CASE Study Questions for Class 10 , and also provide the detail solution for each and every case study questions . Case study questions are latest updated question pattern from NCERT, QB365 will helps to get more marks in Exams

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Cbse 10th standard science subject heredity and evolution case study questions with solution 2021.

10th Standard CBSE

Final Semester - June 2015

Sex determination is the method by which distinction between males and females is established in a species. The sex of an individual is determined by specific chromosomes. These chromosomes are called sex chromosomes or allosomes. X and Y chromosomes are called sex chromosomes. The normal chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes of an individual are known as autosomes. (i) In XX-XO type of sex determination (a) females produce two different types of gametes (b) males produce two different types of gametes (c) females produce gametes with Y chromosome (d) males produce gametes with Y chromosome. (ii) A couple has six daughters. What is the possibility of their having a girl next time?

(iii) Number of autosomes present in liver cells of a human female is

(iv) XX-XO type of sex determination and XX-XY type of sex determination are the examples of

(v) Select the incorrect statement. (a) In male grasshoppers, 50% of sperms have no sex chromosome (b) Female fruitfly is heterogametic (c) Human male produces two types of sperms 50% having X chromosome and 50% having Y chromosomes (d) In turtle, sex determination is regulated by environmental factors.

Gregor Mendel conducted hybridisation experiments on garden peas for seven years and proposed the laws of inheritance in living organisms. He investigated characters in the garden pea plant that were manifested as two opposing traits, e.g., tall or dwarf plants, yellow and green seeds, etc. (i) Among the seven pairs of contrasting traits in pea plant as studied by Mendel, the number of traits related to flower, pod and seed respectively were

(ii) The colour based contrasting traits in seven contrasting pairs, studied by Mendel in pea plant were

(iii) Refer to the given table of contrasting traits in pea plants studied by Mendel.

Character	Dominant trait	Recessive trait
(i) Seed colour
(ii) Flower colour
(iii) Pod shape
(iv) Flower position

Which of the given traits is correctly placed? (a) (i), (ii) and (iii) only (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only (c) (ii) and (iii) only (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) (iv) Some of the dominant traits studied by Mendel were (a) round seed shape, green seed colour and axial flower position (b) terminal flower position, green pod colour and inflated pod shape (c) violet flower colour, green pod colour and round seed shape (d) wrinkled seed shape, yellow pod colour and axial flower position. (v) Which of the following characters was not chosen by Mendel?

Mendel crossed tall and dwarf pea plants to study the inheritance of one gene. He collected the seeds produced as a result of this cross and grew them to generate plants of the first hybrid generation which is called the first filial progeny or F 1 : Mendel then self pollinated the tall F 1 plants and he obtained F 2 generation. (i) In garden pea, round shape of seeds is dominant over wrinkled shape. A pea plant heterozygous for round shape of seed is selfed and 1600 seeds produced during the cross are subsequently germinated. How many seedlings would have non-parental phenotype?

(ii) If 'A' represents the dominant gene and 'a' represents its recessive allele, which of the following would be the most likely result in the first generation offspring when Aa is crossed with aa ? (a) All will exhibit dominant phenotype. (b) All will exhibit recessive phenotype. (c) Dominant and recessive phenotypes will be 50% each. (d) Dominant phenotype will be 75%. (iii) Which of the following crosses will give tall and dwarf pea plants in same proportions?

A)	B)
c)	D)

(iv) What result Mendel would have got, if he self pollinated a homozygous tall F 2 plant? (a) TT and Tt (b) All Tt (c) All TT (d) All tt (v) In plant, tall phenotype is dominant over dwarf phenotype, and the alleles are designated as T and t, respectively. Upon crossing one tall and one dwarf plant, total 250 plants were obtained, out of which 124 displayed tall phenotype and rest were dwarf. Thus, the genotype of the parent plants were (a) TT x TT (b) TT x tt (c) Tt x Tt d) Tt x tt.

The cross that include the inheritance of two pairs of contrasting characters simultaneously is referred as dihybrid cross. Mendel chose pure breeding plants for yellow and green seeds and round and wrinkled shape of seeds. He cross pollinated the plant having yellow round seeds with plant having green wrinkled seeds. All the plants produced in F 1 generation were having, yellow round seeds. The plants raised from these seeds were self pollinated, that resulted in production of plants having four phenotypically different types of seeds. (i) When a cross is made between a yellow round seeded plant (YyRr) and a yellow wrinkled seeded plant (Yyrr), what is true regarding the proportions of phenotypes of the offsprings in F 1 generation?

(ii) How many types of gametes can be produced by YYrr?

(iii) In Mendelian dihybrid cross, when heterozygous tall plant with green seeds are self crossed the progenies are

(iv) When round yellow seeded heterozygous pea plants are self fertilised, the frequency of occurrence of RrYY genotype among the offsprings is

(v) The percentage of yr gamete produced by YyRr parent will be

In human, the allele for brown eyes (B) is dominant over that for blue eyes (b). A brown eyed woman marries a blue eyed man, and they have six children. Four of the children are brown eyed and two of them are blue eyed. (i) What is the genotype of blue eyed offspring?

(ii) What is the woman's genotype?

(iii) The ovum, produced by the mother carries the gene regarding eye colour is

(iv) The ratio of brown eyed children to blue eyed children in this family is 2 : 1, which deviates from typical phenotypic ratios for monohybrid inheritance. What might be the reason? (a) Gametes carrying the brown eyed allele are more viable then those with the blue eyed allele. (b) A different pattern of inheritance other than monohybrid inheritance is involved. (c) Not all of their babies survived childbirth, thus causing a distortion in the actual ratio. (d) The actual ratio differs from the expected ratio because the sample size is too small. (v) What is the gene carried by of the man's sperm regarding the eye colour?

*****************************************

Cbse 10th standard science subject heredity and evolution case study questions with solution 2021 answer keys.

(i) (b) : In XX-XO type and XX-XY type of sex determining mechanisms, males produce two different types of gametes, either with or without X-chromosome (XO type), or some gametes with X-chromosome and some with Y-chromosome (XY type). Such type of sex determination mechanism is designated to be the example of male heterogamety. In both, females are homogametic and produce X type of gametes in both the cases and have XX genotype. (ii) (b): The possibility of having a girl or boy child is equal i.e., 50%, as 50% male gametes are Y type and 50% are X type. Fusion of egg with X type sperm will produce a girl child. (iii) (b): In humans, number of autosomes are 2n = 44 or 22 pairs regardless of the sex. (iv) (a): In XX-XO type and XX-XY type of sex determining mechanisms, males produce two different types of gametes, either with or without X-chromosome (XO type), or some gametes with X-chromosome and some with Y-chromosome (XY type). Such type of sex determination mechanism is designated to be the example of male heterogamety. In both, females are homogametic and produce X type of gametes in both the cases and have XX genotype. (v) (b): Male fruitfly is heterogametic whereas female fruitfly is homogametic.

(i) (a) : Characters studied by Mendel are as follows:

	Trait studied	Dominant	Recessive
1	Plant height	Tall (T)	Dwarf (t)
2	Flower position	Axial (A)	Terminal (a)
3	Flower colour	Violet (V) or (W)	White (v) or (w)
4	Pod shape	Full or Inflated (I) or (C)	Constricted (i) or (c)
5	Pod colour	Green (G) or (Y)	Yellow (g) or (y)
6	Seed shape	Round (R) or (W)	Wrinkled (r) or (w)
7	Seed colour	Yellow (Y) or (G)	Green (y) or (g)

case study based questions on heredity and evolution class 10

	Yr	yr
YR	YYRr Yellow round	YyRr Yellow round
Yr	YYrr Yellow wrinkled	Yy rr Yellow wrinkled
yR	YyRr Yellow round	yy Rr Green round
yr	Yy rr Yellow wrinkled	yyrr Green wrinkled

Phenotypic ratio is:

Yellow round seeds :	Yellow wrinkled seeds:	Green round seeds :	Green wrinkled seeds:
3:	3:	1:	1
3/8,	3/8,	1/8,	1/8

(i) (c) (ii) (b) : According to the given passage some children show recessive trait, i.e., homozygous. So, the woman must be heterozygous. (iii) (c): Human ova are haploid, hence they only contain one copy of each gene. Since the woman has a Bb genotype her ova would contain either B or b allele. (iv) (d): According to the given passage, within a single family, the sample size of offspring in each generation is very small. Hence, the actual phenotypic and genotypic ratios often deviate from expected ratios. It is only when sample sizes of offspring is large that actual ratios approach theoretical or expected ratios more closely. (v) (c) : Human sperm is haploid, hence they only contain one copy of each gene. Since the man has a bb genotype, his sperm would contain allele b only.

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Case Study and Passage Based Questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

Last modified on: 3 years ago
Reading Time: 5 Minutes

In CBSE Class 10 Science Paper, Students will have to answer some questions based on Assertion and Reason . There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

Here, we have provided case based/passage based questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution .

Case Study/Passage Based Questions

Question 1:

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v).

(ii) Which of the following crosses will give smooth and wrinkled seeds in same proportion? (a) RR X rr (b) Rr x rr (C) RRX Rr (d) rrrr

(iii) Which of the following cross can be used to determine the genotype of a plant with dominant phenotype? (a) RR RR (b) Rr x Rr (c) Rr RR (d) RR x rr

(v) The characters which appear in the first filial generation are called (a) recessive characters (b) dominant characters (c) lethal characters (d) non-mendelian characters.

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Class 10 Science Chapter 8 Case Based Questions - Heredity and Evolution

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Case Study - 1

Change in non-reproductive tissues cannot be passed on to the DNA of the germ cells. Therefore the experiences of an individual during its lifetime cannot be passed on to its progeny, and cannot direct evolution. Consider another example of how an individual cannot pass on to its progeny the experiences of its lifetime. If we breed a group of mice, all their progeny will have tails, as expected. Now, if the tails of these mice are removed by surgery in each generation, do these tailless mice have tailless progeny? The answer is no, and it makes sense because removal of the tail cannot change the genes of the germ cells of the mice.

Q1: What are acquired traits? Explain with example. Ans: The traits which are gain while experiencing the life time, its not related to genetic material. Example: If a person get injured during his life time and get handicapped. This trait will not pass to his progeny as it had acquired throughout his life. Q2: Who wrote origin of life on earth? Ans: Charles Darwin Q3: What do you meant by term speciation? Ans: It is an evolutionary process in which new species are formed by developing distinct features from their species or by modifying their genetic material. Q4: What are the factors that gave rise to the formation of new species? Ans: Geographical isolation, genetic drift, mutation and natural selection. Q5: What is natural selection? Ans: The process which occurs in nature by which organism adapt the changing environment and tend to survive in it and reproduce in it.

Case Study - 2

The two sexes participating in sexual reproduction must be somewhat different from each other for a number of reasons. How is the sex of a newborn individual determined? Different species use very different strategies for this. Some rely entirely on environmental cues. Thus, in some animals like a few reptiles, the temperature at which fertilised eggs are kept determines whether the animals developing in the eggs will be male or female. In other animals, such as snails, individuals can change sex, indicating that sex is not genetically determined. However, in human beings, the sex of the individual is largely genetically determined. In other words, the genes inherited from our parents decide whether we will be boys or girls.

Q1: How many chromosomes are there in human beings? Ans: 23 pairs in which 22 pairs are autosomal and one pair i.e 23rd pair is sex chromosome. Q2: What are the pair of sex chromosome present in both male and female? Ans: People have same set of chromosome i.e XX but male have different sets of chromosome i.e XY. Q3: How is the sex of the child determined in human beings? Ans: The sex is determined by paternal chromosome i.e. XY if X alleles fused with X chromosome of female then it is a baby girl. If Y allele fuse with X chromosome of female during fertilisation then it will be a baby boy. Q4: What is hermaphrodites? Ans: Those organisms who don't have separate sex organs i.e. both the sex organs are present in the same body. Example: Earthworm

Case Study - 3

The rules for inheritance of such traits in human beings are related to the fact that both the father and the mother contribute practically equal amounts of genetic material to the child. This means that each trait can be influenced by both paternal and maternal DNA. Thus, for each trait there will be two versions in each child. What will, then, the trait seen in the child be?

Q1: What were the contrasting traits used by mendel? Ans: Tall and dwarf plant, round/ wrinkled seeds, white / violets flower and on the basis of pod colour etc. Q2: What was the phenotypic ratio of monohybrid cross? Ans: 3 : 1 here, 3 is for tall plants and 1 is dwarf plants. Q3: What was the genotypic ratio of monohybrid cross? Ans: 1 : 2 : 1 Q4: How does the traits get expressed? Ans: Genes control traits, the diploid organism inherit two alleles from a gene i.e one is from father and one is from mother.

Case Study - 4

Q1: What is homologous organs? Ans: The organs which have similar structure but different functions. Example: limbs of human, bird, frog and lizard Q2: What are fossil? Ans: The preserved remains or traces of remains body parts of an organism is called fossil. Q3: What are analogous organ? Ans: Different structure but same function. Example: wings of bats and birds. Q4: How do we know how old the fossils are? Ans: By using carbon dating , in these we used radioactive decay of carbon 14 isotopes. Q5: What does it infer ” if more characteristics of two species are common”? Ans: It means they are closely related and may one had evolved from other or both have common ancestors.

Case Study - 5

It is all very well to say that very dissimilar looking structures evolve from a common ancestral design. It is true that analysis of the organ structure in fossils allows us to make estimates of how far back evolutionary relationships go. Are there any current examples of such a process? The wild cabbage plant is a good example. Humans have, over more than two thousand years, cultivated wild cabbage as a food plant, and generated different vegetables from it by selection. This is, of course, artificial selection rather than natural selection.

Q1: What was the evolution history of cabbage? Ans: Earlier, the human beings cultivates the wild cabbage for food and had produced different varieties of cabbage by doing artificial selection. The different varieties were kohlrabi, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, red cabbage and kale. Q2: What is molecular phylogeny? Ans: It is a method to gather information of an organism regarding their evolutionary relationship. Q3: What are the different methods for tracing the evolutionary relationship? Ans: Looking into the data of homologous organ and analogous organ, fossil and embryo development. Q4: Do you agree with the term that ” evolution should not be equated with progress”? Ans: Yes, evolution leads to more and more complex body design over time. It doesnt mean that older design are inefficient. For example, the bacteria the most primitive and simplest type of organism live in any harsh habitat and still they are surviving. Q5: Give one examples of evolution by stages? Ans: Earlier, birds have feather only for heating purpose but as time passes, they evolve and now the feathers are used for flight also.

Case Study – 6

Pure bred pea plant with smooth seeds (dominant characteristic) were crossed with pure bred pea plant with wrinkled seeds (recessive characteristic). The F1 generation was self pollinated to give rise to the F2 generation.

Q1: What is the expected observation of the F1 generation of plants? Ans: All of them have smooth seeds. Q2: What is the expected observation of the F2 generation of plants? Ans: ¼ of them have wrinkled seeds and ¾ of them have smooth seeds Q3: What will be the genotypic ration of F2 offspring , also mention whether it will be homozygous or heterozygous ? Ans: Genotypic ratio = 1 : 2 : 1

Homozygous dominant
Heterozygous dominant
Homozygous recessive

Case Study - 7

Q1: State the type of plants not found in F2 generation but appeared in F2 generation, mentioning the reason for the same Ans: In the F1 generation, Dwarf trait is recessive trait which was not expressed. After self pollination, the recessive trait gets expressed in F2 generation Q2: State the ratio of tall plants to dwarf plants in F2 generation.. Write the full form of DNA. Ans: Ratio – 3 : 1 Full form of DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid Q3: What do the plants of F2 generation look like? Ans: All plants of F1 generation will be tall plants. Q4: How does the creation of variations in a species promote survival? Ans: Variations promote the survival only when the species wants to allow by itself for survive to the continuous changing environment and conditions. During variations, different species get different kinds of advantages depending on the nature.

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Case Study Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution

Please refer to Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution Case Study Questions with answers provided below. We have provided Case Study Questions for Class 10 Science for all chapters as per CBSE, NCERT and KVS examination guidelines. These case based questions are expected to come in your exams this year. Please practise these case study based Class 10 Science Questions and answers to get more marks in examinations.

Case Study Questions Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution

Case/Passage – 1

Question: A person first crossed pure-breed pea plants having roundyellow seeds with pure-breed pea plants having wrinkledgreen seeds and found that only A-B type of seeds were produced in the F1 generation. When F1 generation pea plants having A-B type of seeds were cross-breed by selfpollination, then in addition to the original round-yellow and wrinkled-green seeds, two new varieties A-D and C-B type of seeds were also obtained. (a) What are A-B type of seeds? (b) State whether A and B are dominant traits or recessive traits. (c) What are A-D type of seeds? (d) What are C-B type of seeds? (e) Out of A-B and A-D types of seeds, which one will be produced in (i) minimum numbers, and (ii) maximum numbers, in the F 2 generation?

(a) Round yellow (b) A (round) and B (yellow) are dominant traits (c) Round-green (d) Wrinkled-yellow (e) (i) A–D (ii) A–B

Question: Question number (a) – (d) are based on the images (A) and (B) given below. Study them and answer the following questions.

(a) What term can be used for the structure given in image A? (b) What term can be used for the structure given in image B? (c) Which image shows a common ancestry? (d) Which image has a common function but different origin?

(a) Homologous organs (b) Analogous organs (c) Image A shows common ancestry (d) Image B i.e., analogous organs have a different origin but common functions.

Case/Passage – 2

Most human chromosomes have a maternal and a paternal copy, and we have 22 such pairs. But one pair, called the sex chromosomes, is odd in not always being a perfect pair. Women have a perfect pair of sex chromosomes, both called X. But men have a mismatched pair in which one is a normal-sized X while the other is a short one called Y. So women are XX, while men are XY

Question: If a normal cell of human body contains 46 pairs of chromosomes then the numbers of chromosomes in a sex cell of a human being is most likely to be: (a) 60 (b) 23 (c) 22 (d) 40

Question: The process where characteristics are transmitted from parent to offsprings is called: (a) Variation (b) Heredity (c) Gene (d) Allele (e) None of the above

Question: In human males, all the chromosomes are paired perfectly except one. These unpaired chromosomes are: (a) Large chromosome (b) Small chromosome (c) Y chromosome (d) X chromosome

Question: Which of the following determines the sex of a child? (a) The length of the mother’s pregnancy (b) The length of time between ovulation and copulation (c) The presence of an X chromosome in an ovum (d) The presence of a Y chromosome in a sperm

Question:Who have a perfect pair of sex chromosomes? (a) Girls only (b) Boys only (c) Both girls and boys (d) It depends on many other factors

Case/Passage – 3

In some animals, the temperature at which fertilised eggs are kept determines whether the animal developing in the egg will be male or female. In other animals, such as snails, individuals can change sex, that is sex is not genetically determined. In human beings, sex of individuals is largely genetically determined. All chromosomes in human beings are not paired. We have 22 pairs and one pair of sex chromosomes which is odd and not always a perfect pair.

Question. Who is responsible for birth of male child? (a) Father (b) Mother (c) Father only in first pregnancy. (d) Mother only in first pregnancy

Question. How many pairs of chromosomes are called autosomes? (a) 23 (b) 22 (c) 21 (d) 20

Question. Which pair of chromosomes are present in Male (a) XX (b) YY (c) XY (d) XXY

Question. Which of the following statement is true? (a) Men have short sized X chromosome (b) Men have one long sized Y chromosome (c) Men have normal sized Y chromosome (d) Men have one short sized Y chromosome

Question. Which pair of chromosomes are present in female? (a) XX (b) YY (c) XY (d) XXY

Case Study Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution

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CASE BASED QUESTIONS from OSWAL PUBLICATION HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION for Class 10

Class 10	BIOLOGY
Chapter	HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION
OSWAL PUBLICATION	CASE BASED QUESTIONS
Medium	English
Academic Year	2023-2024

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Class 10 Science: Case Study Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution PDF Download

Here we are providing you with Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Case Study Questions, by practicing these Case Study and Passage Based Questions will help you in your Class 10th Board Exam.

Case Study Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

Case Study/Passage Based Questions

Question 1:

Answer: (c) 1 and 3 only

(ii) Which of the following crosses will give smooth and wrinkled seeds in same proportion? (a) RR X rr (b) Rr x rr (C) RRX Rr (d) rrrr

Answer: (b) Rr x rr

(iii) Which of the following cross can be used to determine the genotype of a plant with dominant phenotype? (a) RR RR (b) Rr x Rr (c) Rr RR (d) RR x rr

Answer: (d) RR x rr

Answer: (a) 750, 250

(v) The characters which appear in the first filial generation are called (a) recessive characters (b) dominant characters (c) lethal characters (d) non-mendelian characters.

Answer: (b) dominant characters

Question 2:

2.1) What are the A-B type of seeds? (a) Round -yellow (b) Round- green (c) Wrinkled- yellow (d) Wrinkled- green

Answer(a) Round -yellow

Answer(a) Round green and wrinkled yellow respectively

2.3) A and B are _____________ traits. (a) recessive (b) dominant (c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

Answer(b) dominant

2.4) Which one of these will be produced in maximum number in the F2 generation? (a) A-D (b) A-B (c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these

Answer(b) A-B

2.5) The above cross is known as : (a) Test cross (b) Monohybrid cross (c) Back cross (d) Dihybrid cross

Answer(d) Dihybrid cross

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CBSE Class 10 Biology Heredity and Evolution Important Questions for 2023

Cbse class 10 biology heredity and evolution important questions: in this article, we will cover all important mcqs, short answer questions, long answer questions and case study questions from the chapter heredity and evolution of cbse class 10 science..

CBSE Class 10 Biology Heredity and Evolution Important Questions: In this article, we will cover all important questions from the chapter Heredity and Evolution of CBSE Class 10 Science. In this chapter, students get to learn about the mechanism by which variations are created and Inherited. They are also encouraged to reflect and understand about The long-term consequences of the accumulation of variations.

Chapter 8 Heredity and Evolution is actually the fourth and the last chapter in the second unit of CBSE Class 10 Science - World of Living. Students must be aware that since Heredity and Evolution used to be the ninth chapter in the syllabus before CBSE updated the syllabus during the pandemic, there are some resources where it is still mentioned as the ninth chapter. However, students should not be confused since the syllabus has been rationalized.

We have provided questions from all important topics in all varieties such as Multiple choice questions, Case Study questions, and even the Short answer questions and Long answer questions. To check the answers to these questions, scroll to the end of the questions. Using these important questions and answers prepared by the subject experts, candidates of CBSE Class 10 Science board exam 2022-23 can easily excel in their examinations.

CBSE Class 10 Biology Heredity and Evolution Important Questions

Mendel went on to study science and mathematics at the:-

(a) University of Vienna

(b) University of Austria

2.In human males all the chromosomes are paired perfectly except one. This/these unpaired chromosome is/are

(i) large chromosome (ii) small chromosome (iii) Y-chromosome (iv) X-chromosome

(a) (i) and (ii)

(b) (iii) only

If a normal cell of human body contains 46 pairs of chromosomes then the numbers of chromosomes in a sex cell of a human being is most likely to be:

4.Which part of the DNA provides information for a protein?

(a) Chromosome

(b) Mitochondria

In peas, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a pure short plant (tt). The ratio of pure tall plants to pure short plants in F2 generation will be:
A trait in an organism is influenced by

(a) paternal DNA only

(b) maternal DNA only

Which of the following determines the sex of a child?

(a) The length of the mother’s pregnancy

(b) The length of time between ovulation and copulation

Which chromosome is not in a perfect pair in human males?

(a) Chromosome 13

(b) X chromosome

What is the ancient name for all human beings?

(b) Chimpanzee

(d) Invertebrates

10.The genetic constitution of an individual organism is known as its

(a) phenotype

(b) homozygous

11. The process where characteristics are transmitted from parent to offspring’s is called:

(a) Variation

(b) Heredity

Name the information source for making proteins in the cells.
What is F2 generation?
Differentiate between dominant and recessive traits.
Who is known as father of genetics?
What is the genetic constitution of human sperm?
What is meant by contrasting traits or characters?
What is the probability that a human progeny wiil be a boy?
What is DNA copying? State its importance.
An elephant learns a trick at the circus. Will his offspring’s also know the trick by birth? Support your answer with reasons.
How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits are inherited independently?
“The chromosome number of the sexually reproducing parents and their offspring is same." Justify the statement.
Give an example where sex is determined by the environmental factors.
Define the following terms.
How the genes, chromosomes and DNA are inter related to each other?
A body builder builds his muscles. Will his child be born with strong muscles? If not, why strength of muscles didn’t pass on to the next generation?
What is variation? How is variation created in a population? What is the importance of variation for survival of a species?
a) Why did Mendel choose garden pea for his experiments? Write two reasons.

b) ‘Different species use different strategies to determine sex of a newborn individual. It can be environmental cues or genetically determined.’ Explain the statement by giving example for each strategy.

2. Pragya performed an experiment to study inheritance pattern of genes. He crossed tall pea plants (TT) with short pea plants (tt) and obtained all tall plants in F1 generation.

a) What will be the set of genes present in F1 generation?

b) Give reason why only tall plants are observed in F1 progeny.

If we cross pure-bred tall (dominant) pea plant with pure-bred dwarf (recessive) pea plant we will get pea plants of F1 generation. If we now self- cross the pea plant of F1 generation, then we obtain pea plants of F2 generation.

(a) What do the plants of F2 generation look like?

(b) State the ratio of tall plants to dwarf plants in F2 generation.

(c) State the type of plants not found in F2 generation but appeared in F2 generation, mentioning the reason for the same.

(d) State Mendel's laws of inheritance.

Reproduction results in variation from one generation to the next. The variation produced in the organisms during the successive generation gets accumulated over a long period of time in an organism. After several generations these variations comes up in the organisms and the organisms start showing different characteristics and hence leads to the appearance of new species. The main advantage of variation in a species is that it increases the chance of its survival in a changing environment. The organisms which show positive variation, survive. Those who do not show variations get extinct.

a) What are variations?

b) Why are the variations accumulated over generations?

c) What are the positive variations?

Biology is one of the main subjects that students in CBSE Board plan to pursue further ahead. Biology and its branches such as Zoology, Botany, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Forensics and so on are all respected and emerging career prospects for students.

CBSE Class 10 Biology Heredity and Evolution Important Questions Answers PDF

Candidates who wish to pursue Biology further ahead must master these topics in order to fulfill their dreams.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

September 27, 2019 by Veerendra

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution: In this article, we will provide you detailed NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution. These heredity and evolution class 10 exercise answers were prepared by the best faculty in India to score good marks in the subject Science.

Also working on NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 9 will give you a strong foundation on the competitive exams like JEE, NEET, UPSC, etc., Read on to find out everything about NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution .

Before getting into the details of NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution, let’s have an overview of the list of topics and subtopics under class 10 biology heredity and evolution NCERT solutions:

Heredity And Evolution

Accumulation Of Variation During Reproduction

Inherited Traits
Rules for the Inheritance of Traits – Mendel’s Contributions
How do these traits get Expressed
Sex Determination
An Illustration
Acquired and Inherited Traits
Tracing Evolutionary Relationships
Evolution by Stages

Human Evolution

Free download NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution PDF in Hindi Medium as well as in English Medium for CBSE, Uttarakhand, Bihar, MP Board, Gujarat Board, and UP Board students, who are using NCERT Books based on updated CBSE Syllabus for the session 2019-20.

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Class 10 Heredity and Evolution Important Questions
Heredity and Evolution Class 10 Notes
Heredity and Evolution NCERT Exemplar Solutions
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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Intext Questions

Page Number: 143

Question 1. If a trait A exists in 10% of a population of an asexually reproducing species and a trait B exists in 60% of the same population, which trait is likely to have arisen earlier ? Answer: Trait B, because it is present in more members of the population. It is likely to have arisen earlier and has now spread to 60% of the population. Trait A is new and has spread to only 10% of the population.

Question 2. How does the creation of variations in a species promote survival ? Answer: The variations provide stability to the population of various species by preventing them from getting wiped out during adverse conditions. The natural environment also changes, and variations in species which become suited to the environment help it to survive.

Page Number: 147

Question 1. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive ? [AICBSE 2015] Answer: Mendel took pea plants with contrasting characteristics tall plant and dwarf (or short) plant. On cross pollination, he got all tall plants in first generation (F 1 ). But by the self¬pollination of F 1 tall plants, the plants of second generation consisted of tall and short pants in the ratio of 3 : 1. On the basis of these experiments, the characteristics appeared in first generation were called dominant (i.e. tall plants) and the characteristics that did not appear were called recessive (dwarf i.e. plants).

Question 2. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits are inherited independently ? [AICBSE 2015] Answer: Mendel took two pairs of alternate expression of two traits and carried out dihybrid crosses by crossing them. The traits appeared in first generation were termed as dominant. When he used these F 1 progeny to generate F 2 progeny by self-pollination plants of different types were produced. In some plants both the traits were dominant, while in some plants both were recessive and some plants exhibited mixed traits. This indicates that traits are inherited independently.

Question 3. A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O and their daughter has blood group O. Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits – blood group A or O – is dominant ? Why or why not ? Answer: This information is not enough. This is because each individual is carrying two alleles. The recessive trait can occur only when who alleles are similar. It blood group A is dominant and O is recessive, then daughter can have blood group O only when both recessive alleles occur together in mother, and father has one allele of O and other of A.

Question 4. How is the sex of the child determined in human beings ? OR “The sex of a newborn child is a matter of chance and none of the parents may be considered responsible for it.” Justify this statement with the help of a flow chart showing determination of sex of a newborn. [CBSE (Delhi) 2013] Answer: Half of the male gametes (sperms) carry X chromosome and other half carry Y chromosomes. All the female gametes carry only X chromosomes. When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the following situations become possible.

(i) When a sperm carrying X chromosome fertilises an egg that contains only X chromosome), the resulting zygote develops into a female (XX condition).
(ii) When a sperm carrying Y chromosome fertilises an egg (that contains only X chromosome), the resulting zygote develops into a male (XY condition).

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Intext Questions Page 147 Q4

Page Number: 150

Question 1. What are the different ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population ? Answer: Different ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population are as follow :

If it gives the benefit of survival through natural selection.
Due to a sudden increase in a particular trait in a population, i.e., by genetic drift.

Question 2. Why are traits acquired during the life-time of an individual not inherited ? Answer: The traits acquired during the life-time are changes in the non-reproductive cells of the organisms and are not capable of being passed on to the next generation.

Question 3. Why are the small numbers of surviving tigers a cause of worry from the point of view of genetics ? Answer: The small numbers of surviving tigers are a cause of worry from the point of view of genetics because in tigers there are negligible genetic variations. Due to this they are not well adapted. The rapid environmental changes cannot be favouable for them. If these changes are not controlled, tigers would be wiped out.

Page Number: 151

Question 1. What factors would lead to the rise of a new species ? Answer: The factors that would lead to the rise of a new species are the following :

Geographical isolation of a population caused by various types of barriers (such as mountain ranges, rivers and sea). The geographical isolation leads to reproductive isolation due to which there is no flow of genes between separated groups of pupulation.
Genetic drift caused by drastic changes in the frequencies of particular genes by chance alone.
Variations caused in individuals due to a natural selection.

Question 2. Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation of a self- pollinating plant species ? Why or why not ? Answer: The geographical isolation cannot be major factor in the speciation of a self-pollinating plant species because it does not have to look the plants for its process of reproduction to be carried out.

Question 3. Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation of an organism that reproduces asexually ? Why or why not ? Answer: Geographical isolation cannot be a major factor in the speciation of an asexually reproducing organism because it does not require any other organism to carry out reproduction.

Page Number: 156

Question 1. Give an example of characteristics being used to determine how close two species are in evolutionary terms. Answer: If similar characteristics are shown in different organisms, then these are considered to be inherited from the common ancestry. It also shows the closeness of the species. For example, bats and birds have some similarity in their wings, so they are closely related, while lizard and squirrel do not have wings so these are not closely related to the birds and bats.

Question 2. Can the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat be considered homologous organs ? Why or why not ? Answer: The wings of a butterfly and the wings of a bat cannot be considered to be homologous organs because they have different basic designs though they are used for the same purpose of flying. They are analogous organs.

Question 3. What are fossils ? What do they tell us about the process of evolution ? Answer: Fossils : Fossils are the remains or traces of a dead organism. These are formed through the formation of sedimentary rocks. They provide following information on the process of evolution.

They tell about the changes that occured on the earth’s surface and the corresponding organisms.
They tell about the gradual development of complex structured organisms from simple structured organisms.
It is known through them that birds are evolved from reptiles.
They state that angiosperms are developed from pteriodophytes and gymnosperms.
They exhibit the process of humana evolution.

Page Number: 158

Question 1. Why are human beings who look so different from each other in terms of size, colour and looks said to belong to the same species ? Answer: This is because although genetic make up of humans may be slightly different in different races of people, there is no reproductive isolation. Reproductive isolation differentiates one species from the other. Human beings different in size, colour and looks can marry among themselves and produce fertile offspring.

Question 2. In evolutionary terms, can we say which among bacteria, spiders, fish and chimpanzees have a ‘better’ body design ? Why or why not ? Answer: Bacteria is a primitive organism as they came into being very early in evolution. But these organisms are still surviving in the present conditions after millions of years. This is because they have adapted well to the changing environment over these years. Same is the case for all other organisms like spiders, fishes and chimpanzees which have adapted to their environment and have survived. Therefore, all the organisms which exist have a body design which is better as it is suited to their environment.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Textbook Chapter End Questions

Question 1. A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding tall pea plants bearing violet flowers with short pea plants bearing white flowers. The progeny all bore violet flowers, but almost half of them were short. This suggests that the genetic make-up of the tall parent can be depicted as: (a) TTWW (b) TTww (c) TtWW (d) TtWw Answer: (c) TtWW

Question 2. An example of homologous organs is : (a) our arm and a dog’s fore-leg (b) our teeth and an elephant’s tusks (c) potato and runners of grass (d) all of the above Answer: (d) All of the above

Question 3. In evolutionary terms, we have more in common with : (a) a Chinese school-boy (b) a chimpanzee (c) a spider (d) a bacterium Answer: (a) A Chinese school-boy

Question 4. A study found that children with light coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light coloured eyes. On this basis, can we say anything about whether the light eye colour trait is dominant or recessive ? Why or why not ? Answer: This information is not complete. On the basis of this, it cannot be decided light colour trait is dominant or recessive. So it cannot be said until one does not know the nature of this trait in the parents.

Question 5. How are the areas of study-evolution and classification interlinked ? OR ‘Two areas of study namely ‘evolution’ and ‘classification’ are interlinked”. Justify this statement. [AICBSE 2016] Answer: Classification of organisms is based on relative similarities and differences among organisms. Resemblances in organisms are because they have arisen from a common ancestor and differences in them are due to adaptations to different types of environment. Since the organisms can be graded in order of increasing complexity it indicates at the concept of evolution.

Question 6. Explain the terms analogous and homologous organs with examples. [CBSE 2011,2013, 2014] Answer: Analogous organs : Those organs which have different basic structure (or different basic design) but have similar appearance and perform similar functions are called analogous organs. For example, The wings of an insect and a bird are analogous organs.

Homologous organs : Those organs which have the same basic structure (or same basic design) but different functions are called homologous organs. For example, The wing of a bat, flipper of a seal, front leg of a horse and arm of a man are homologous organs.

Question 7. Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat colour in dogs. Answer: Suppose a black homozygous male is mated with a white homozygous female. If the progeny has all black dogs then the dominant coat colour is black.

Question 8. Explain the importance of fossils in deciding evolutionary relationships. Answer: Fossils play important role in providing evolutionary evidences because by knowning the age of fossils we can know about the evolution process of an organism. For example, a fossil bird called archaeopteryx that looked like a bird had many other features of reptiles. It had feathered wings like those of birds, but teeth and tail like those of reptiles. Archaeopteryx is, therefore, a connecting link between the reptiles and birds, and hence suggests that the birds have evolved from the reptiles.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Chapter End Questions Q9

Question 10. Explain how sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variations than asexual reproduction. How does this affect the evolution of those organisms that reproduce sexually ? [CBSE 2011,2014] Answer: During sexual reproduction there is ‘crossing over’ of chromosomes, that gives rise to variations. These variations are inherited and increase the chances of survival of an organism.

In sexual reproduction variations may occur due to errors in DNA copying.
There may be variations due to interchange of homologous chromosomes during crossing over of male and female.
In sexual reproduction, it is not predetermined that which gamete would fuse with another gamete. It depends only on chance. It is also a reason of variation. These variations enable the organisms to adapt themselves to the changing conditions and also help to give rise to new species.

Question 11. How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents ensured in the progeny ? [CBSE 2011, 2013] Answer: Genetic material in most organisms is present in pairs of chromosomes. Gametes in the sexually reproducing organisms are formed by the process of meiosis during which half of the genetic material goes into each gamete. When the gametes from male and female parents fuse with each other during sexual reproduction, the normal complement is restored. Half of the genetic material comes from the female and half from the male.

Question 12. Only variations that confer an advantage to an individual organism will survive in a population. Do you agree with this statement ? Why or why not? Answer: Yes, variations that confer an advantage to an individual organism are inherited. The organism can survive longer in an environment and maintain its existence in the population.

Heredity and Evolution: Heredity; Mendel’s contribution- Laws for inheritance of traits, Sex determination : brief introduction; Basic concepts of evolution.

	CBSE
	NCERT
	Class 10
	Science
	Chapter 9
	Heredity and Evolution
	29

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Question 1. If a trait A exists in 10% of a population of an asexually reproducing species and a trait B exists in 60% Of the same population, which trait is likely to have arisen earlier ? Answer: As species are asexually reproducing, there would be only very minor differences generated due to small inaccuracies in DNA copying, so trait B, which exists in 60% of the same population may get inherited earlier while trait A, which exists in 10% of the population may be originated late due to variations. Thus, trait B have arisen earlier since it is present in 60% of the same population.

Question 2. How does the creation of variations in a species promote survival ? Answer: Natural selection selects the individuals having useful variations which ensure their survival in the prevailing conditions of environment. Variant individuals that can withstand or cope with prevailing environment will survive better and will increase in number through differential reproduction.

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Question 1. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits may be dominant or recessive ? Answer: Mendel took pea plants with contrasting characteristics – tall plant and dwarf (short) plant. On cross pollination, he got all tall plants in F1 generation. Then by self pollination of F1 tall plants, he produced second generation (F2) consisting of tall and short plants in the ratio of 3 : 1. Then he concluded that, ‘T’ (tall) trait is dominant while ‘t’ trait for shortness is recessive.

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Question 2. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits are inherited independently ? Answer: In a dihybrid cross made by Mendel, it was observed that when two pairs of traits or characters were considered; each trait expressed independent of the other. Thus, Mendel was able to propose the Law of Independent Assortment which says about independent inheritance of traits.

Question 3. A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood O and their daughter has blood group O. Is this information enough to tell you which of the traits – blood group A or O is dominant ? Why or why not ?

Answer: No. This information is not sufficient to determine which of the traits − blood group A or O − is dominant. This is because we do not know about the blood group of all the progeny.Blood group A can be genotypically AA or AO. Hence, the information is incomplete to draw any such conclusion.

Question 1. What are the different ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population ? Answer: Different ways are : variation, natural selection and genetic drift (isolation).

Question 2. Why are traits acquired during the lifetime of an individual not inherited ? Answer: Because acquired characters bring changes only in non-reproductive tissues and cannot change the genes of the germ cells. Thus, acquired traits cannot be passed to next generation.

Question 3. Why are the small numbers of surviving tigers a cause of worry from the point of view of genetics ? Answer: (i) If any natural calamity occurs and kills these small number of surviving tigers, they can become extinct resulting in the loss of some genes forever. (ii) Small number will lead to little recombination and, therefore, lesser variations. These both are very important for giving better survival chances to the species. (iii) Less number of species means lesser extent of diversity and lesser number Of traits which reduces the chances of adaptability with respect to the change in the environment.

Question 1. What factors could lead to the rise of a new species ? Answer: Genetic variations, natural selection and reproductive isolation could lead to the rise of a new species.

Question 2. Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation of a self-pollinating plant species ? Why or why not ? Answer: No, because pollination occurs on the same plant in self-pollinating plant species.

Question 3. Will geographical isolation be a major factor in the speciation of an organism that reproduces asexually ? Why or why not ? Answer: No, because asexual reproduction involves single parent or organism.

Question 1. Give an example of characteristics being used to determine how close two species am in evolutionary terms ? Answer: Homologous organs, analogous organs and vestigial organs help to identify evolutionary relationships amongst the species.

Question 2. Can the wing of butterfly and the wing of a bat be considered homologous organs ? Why or why not ? Answer: No, wing of a bat and wing of a bird cannot be considered as homologous organs because they have different basic structure.

Question 3. What are fossils ? What do they tell us about the process of evolution ? Answer: Fossils are the impression or remains of ancient life found preserved in the sedimentary rocks. Fossils are direct evidences of evolution. Fossils also help to identify evolutionary relationship between apparently different species. They also tell about the extent of evolution that has taken place.

Page 158 Question 1. Why are human beings who look so different from each other in terms of size, colour and looks said to belong to the same species ? Answer: They look different because of interaction of genes with environment which results in change in their appearance. But they belong to the same species as they have same number of chromosomes and can breed among themselves.

Question 2. In evolutionary terms, can we say which among bacteria, spiders, fish and chimpanzees have a ‘better body design’ why or why not ? Answer: No, because different designs are the product of evolution and different species have different body design to suit or adapt to their environment.

Question 1. A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding tall pea plants bearing violet flowers with short pea plants bearing whfte flowers. The progeny all bore violet flowers, but almost half of them are short. This suggests that the genetic make-up of the tall parent can be depicted as (a) TTWW (b) TTww (c) TtWW (d) TtWw Answer: (c) Genetic make-up of tall plant can be depicted by TtWW.

Question 2. An example of homologous organs is (a) our arm and a dogs fore-leg. (b) our teeth and an elephants tusks. (c) potato and runners of grass. (d) All of the above. Answer: (d) Both organs in all options have same basic structural design but have different functions and appearance.

Question 3. In evolutionary terms, we have more in common with (a) a Chinese school-boy. (b) a chimpanzee. (c) a spider. (d) a bacterium. Answer: (a) A Chinese school-bpy is also a human being.

Question 4. A study found that children with light-coloured eyes are likely to have parents with light-coloured eyes. On this basis, can we say anything about whether the light eye colour trait is dominant or recessive? Why or why not? Answer: We can say that light eye colour trait is dominant because only dominant traits are expressed in the first generation.

Question 5. How are the areas of study – evolution and classification— inteilinked? Answer: Evolution and classification are interlinked with each other in many ways. Classification is the most important term to explain evolution. It is based on the similarities and differences between two species or among two organisms. More closer the characteristics, the moe doser is the evolution and chances to be in the same group of classification. Thus, the classification of species is a reflection of their evolutionary relationship.

Question 6. Explain the terms analogous and homologous organs with examples. Answer: Analogous organs are those organs which have different basic structural designs and developmental origins but have similar appearance and perform similar functions. Examples: Wings of an insect and wings of a bat. Homologous organs are those organs which have the same basic structural design and developmenta’ origin but have different functions and appearance. Examples: Forelimbs of frog and forelimbs of human.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Page 159 Q7

Question 8. Explain the importance of fossils in deciding evolutionary relationships. Answer: Fossils and their study is useful to know about the species which are no longer alive. They provide evidence and missing links between two classes. They are helpful in forming a sequence of organisms in the pathway of evolution. Thus, fossils have importance in deciding evolutionary relationships.

Question 9. What evidence do we have for the origin of life from inanimate matter? Answer: Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey provided evidence regarding origin of life from inanimate matter. They assembled an atmosphere similar to that existed on early earth. The atmosphere had molecules like ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulphide and water, but no oxygen. The mixture was maintained at a temperature just below 100◦C and sparks were passed through the mixture of gases. At the end of a week, 15% carbon from methane had been converted to simple compounds of carbon like aminoacids which make up protein molecules. So, life arose afresh on earth.

Question 10. Explain how sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable variations that asexual reproduction. How does this affect the evolution of those organisms that reproduce sexually ? Answer: Variations occurring during sexual reproduction may be due to:

Separation of homologous chromosomes (by chance only) during gamete formation.
Crossing over (recombination) of homologous chromosomes.
Fertilisation of gametes to form zygote.
Errors during DNA copying or mutations.

In asexually reproducing organisms only errors during DNA copying or mutations cause variations. Since the extent of variations is much larger in sexually reproducing organisms, therefore, the chances of evolution is also much in sexually reproducing These variations enable the organisms to adapt themselves to the changing conditions and also help to face the struggle for Over the time, they and rise to new species.

Question 11. How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents ensured in the progeny? Answer: Genetically organisms are of types

(i) Haploid : They have single set of chromosomes, where each chromosome is represented singly. As the chromosomes are the bearer of genes so haploids have single set of genes. A single gene determines the expression of character. (ii) Diploid : ‘They have two sets Of homologous chromosomes, where the chromosome occur in pair, one maternal contributed by the mother through her ovum and the second Of the pair is contributed by the male parent through his sperm. The resultant cell zygote produces by the fusion of male and female gametes have two sets of chromosomes – each set contributed’ by each parent. In diploids a character is controlled by two genes/factors. Both the father and mother contribute practically equal amount of genetic material to the child. It means that each trait can be influenced by both paternal and maternal DNA.

Question 12. Only variations that confer an advantage to an individual organism will survive in a population. Do you agree with this statement ? Why or why not ? Answer: No, many of the times the variations are not advantageous to an individual organism but still survive in a population, e.g., take the case of free ear lobe and attached ear lobe. Most of the other variations not only give survival advantage to an individual but also contribute to genetic drift. Thus, we can say that most of the variations lead to better adaptation of an organism to the changing environment. In this way, it gives survival advantage to that organism and will also survive in the coming population.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) [1 Mark each]

Question 1. An example of homologous organs is [NCERT] (a) our arm and a dog’s foreleg (b) our teeth and an elephant’s tusks (c) potato and runners of grass (d) All of the above Answer: (a) Our arm and a dog’s foreleg is the example of homologous organs.

Question 2. The science, which deals with study of heredity and variations is called (a) phylogeny (b) embryology (c) genetics (d) palaeontology Answer: (c) The genetics is the study of heredity and variations and includes their occurrence, causes, benefits, disadvantages, significance, etc.

Question 3. Archaeopteryx is a connecting link between (a) reptiles and aquatic animals (b) birds and insects (c) reptiles and birds (d) birds and dinosaurs Answer: (c) Archaeopteryx is a connecting link- between the reptiles and birds. It appears like a bird, but has other features which are present in reptiles, e.g. it has wings like bird, but teeth and tail like the reptilians.

Question 4. For palaeontological studies a scientist will gather the evidences from (a) study of homology (b) study of analogy (c) fossils (d) All of these Answer: (d) Study of homologous and analogous organs indicates the origin and modification in organisms and study of fossils indicates the age and features of an organism.

Question 5. In evolutionary terms, we have more in common with [NCERT] (a) a Chinese school boy (b) a chimpanzee (c) a spider (d) a bacterium Answer: (a) Chinese school boy because both of us belong to the same species, i.e. Homo sapiens.

Question 6. Aditya was observing some organisms in lab and tried to compare them. The presence of which organs will confirm to him that they share evolutionary history? (a) Analogous organs (b) Paralogous organs (c) Homologous organs (d) None of these Answer: (c) Homologous organs are present in organisms who share evolutionary history. However, these organs perform different functions in different organisms.

Question 7. New species may be formed if I. DNA undergoes significant changes in germ cells. . II. chromosome number changes in the gamete. III. there is no change in the genetic material. IV. mating does not take place. (a) I and II (b) I and III (c) II, III and IV (d) I, II and III Answer: (a) New species may be formed if the DNA changes are severe enough, such as a change in the number of chromosome. This leads to new variations.

Question 8. Which of the following statements is not true with respect to variation? (a) All variations in a species have equal chance of survival. (b) Change in genetic composition results in variation. (c) Selection of variants by environmental factors forms the basis of evolutionary processes. (d) Variation is minimum in asexual reproduction. Answer: (a) All variations in a species do not have equal chances of survival. Some of the variations may be so drastic that the new DNA copy cannot work with the cellular apparatus it inherits. Such, a newborn cell dies soon.

Question 9. Select the statement that describes characteristics of genes. . (a) Genes are specific sequence of bases in a DNA molecule. (b) A gene does not code for proteins. (c) In individuals of a given species, a specific gene is located on a particular chromosome. (d) Each chromosome has only one gene. Answer: (b) Genes are stretches of DNA found on chromosomes of a cell. A gene contains information for making proteins in a cell. A specific gene is located on a particular chromosome in individuals of a given species.

Question 10. If a round, green seeded pea plant (RRyy) is crossed with wrinkled, yellow seeded pea plant (rrYY), the seeds produced in F1 – generation will be [NCERT Exemplar] (a) round and yellow (b) round and green (c) wrinkled and green (d) wrinkled and yellow Answer: (a) The cross between RRyy and rrYY seeds will produce RrYy (round and yellow) seeds in F1-generation, because round and yellow are the dominant traits.

Question 11. From the list given below, select the character, which can be acquired but not inherited. [NCERT Exemplar] (a) colour of eye (b) colour of skin (c) size of body (d) nature of hair Answer: (c) Acquired traits develop in response to the environment. The size of the body is an acquired trait because it can vary based on the availability of less or more food. The other three colour of eye and skin and nature of hair are characters inherited from the parents.

Question 12. According to the evolutionary theory, formation of a new species is generally due to [NCERT Exemplar] (a) sudden creation by nature. (b) accumulation of variations over several generations. (c) clones formed during asexual reproduction. (d) movement of individuals from one habitat to another Answer: (b) Accumulation of variations over several generations forms new species. Genetic drift accumulates different changes in sub-populations of a species. Also, natural selection may also operate differendy in the different geographic locations. Eventually, different groups of new species will be formed.

Question 13. Select the incorrect statement. [NCERT Exemplar] (a) Frequency of certain genes in a population changes over several generations resulting in evolution. (b) Reduction in weight of the organism due to starvation is genetically controlled. (c) Low weight parents can have heavy weight progeny. (d) Traits which are not inherited over generations do not cause evolution. Answer: (b) The weight reduction due to starvation will not change the DNA of the germ cells, because low weight is not a trait that is genetically controlled or inherited. Also, low weight parents may have heavy weight progeny.

Question 14. In human males all the chromosomes are paired perfectly except one. This/these unpaired chromosome is/are I. large chromosome II. small chromosome III. Y-chromosome IV X-chromosome (a) I and II (b) Only III (c) III and IV (d) II and IV Answer: (c) In human males, one pair called the sex chromosomes are unpaired. Here, one is a normal-sized X-chromosome while other is a short Y-chromosome. Women have a perfect pair of sex chromosomes, both called X.

Question 15. Rajneesh was studying the fossils of two different types, fossil A was found in upper layer of Earth and B in deeper layers. What can be predicted regarding the age of these fossils? (a) A has recently become extinct (b) B has become extinct recently (c) The time of extinction cannot be determined (d) None of the above Answer: (a) Since, fossil A was found in upper layer of earth, it suggests that the organism has become extinct recently. Fossil B found in deeper layer must have become extinct long time ago and deposition of other layers occurred over it during this period.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution MCQs Q16

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution (Hindi Medium)

Class 10 Science Heredity and Evolution Mind Map

Characters or features or traits are inherited from one generation to the next during reproduction.
This inheritance provides both a common basic body design & subtle changes in it for next generation.
When this generation reproduces, the offspring would have differences they inherit from previous generation as well as newly created differences.
Accumulation of these differences generation after generation leads to the development of variations in a population.
Different variations provide different advantages to the population and the variation which provide best survival advantages are inherited to the next generation.
For e.g. bacteria having variation to tolerate heat will survive and multiply better in heat wave.

Heredity Heredity refers to the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring by means of genes in the chromosomes. Mendel’s Contributions

Mendel was the first scientist whose studies lead to the formulation of laws of inheritance.
He conducted cross hybridization experiments of garden pea plant (Pisum sativum) and studied the transmission of characters that had two contrasting traits such as round/wrinkled seeds, tall/short plants, white/’violet flowers etc.

Experiment 1: He cross pollinate pure breeds of tall (TT) & dwarf (tt) pea plant and calculated the percentages of tall & dwarf progeny. Observation: F 1 generation was tall (Tt) with no halfway characteristics. F 2 generation produced by self pollination of F 1 included tall and short plants in 3:1. (Genotypic ratio 1:2:1 for TT:Tt:tt) Inference: This indicates that both the tallness & shortness traits were inherited in the F, plants, but only the tallness trait was expressed. Thus, two copies of the trait are inherited in each sexually reproducing organism. These two may be identical (TT or tt) or may be different (Tt), depending on the parentage. Conclusion: This study leaded to the formulation of two laws: Law of dominance: states that only one character expresses itself in F, generation. Law of segregation: states that the two alleles of a character in an individual get separated or segregated during gamete formation and distributed randomly in gametes.

Experiment 2: He crossed the plant with two different characteristics such as tall plant with round seed and short plant with wrinkled seed. Other example may include round & green seeds (RRyy) and wrinkled & yellow seeds (rrYY). Observation: F 1 generation; all were tall & round i.e. tall & round are dominant. F 2 generation; tall plants with round seeds, tall with wrinkled seeds, short with round seeds, and short plants with wrinkled seeds in 9:3:3:1. Similarly, round & yellow, round & green, wrinkled & yellow, and wrinkled & green in 9:3:3:1. Inference: The tall/short trait and the round seed/wrinkled seed trait are independently inherited. Conclusion: It formulated the law of independent assortment which states that genes of different characters located in different pairs of chromosomes are independent of one another in their segregation during gamete formation.

Sex Determination Different species use different strategies for this:

Environment: for e.g. the temperature at which fertilised eggs are kept determines the sex of developing animals in the eggs. It is observed in animals like crocodile, turtle etc.
Snails can change sex. indicating that sex is not genetically determined.
Humans have 22 autosomal & 1 sex chromosome pairs. Females have XX & males have XY. Hence, sex of a child is determined by what he/she has inherited (X or Y) from the father since, child will always inherit X from the mother. If X is inherited from father then child will be a girl & if Y is inherited then a child will be a boy.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Mind Map 1

It refers to gradual change in the characteristics of the population (plants & animals) over successive generations.
Errors in DNA copying during reproduction, mutations, & natural selection account for the evolution.
Evolution gives rise to such a biodiversity at each level of biological organization such as at species level, among individuals, molecules etc.

Evolution And Classification Classification is the process by which organisms are grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters.

Characters such as cell type (prokaryote or eukaryote), single cell or multi cellular, presence or absence of nucleus, autotrophic (such as photosynthesis) or heterotrophic, sexual or asexual reproduction etc. are used to classify different organisms in different groups.

The more characteristics two species will have in common, the more closely they are related. And the more closely they are related, the more recently they will have had a common ancestor. For e.g. brother & sister are more closely related than a girl & her first cousin. Therefore, classification of species gives a reflection of their evolutionary relationship.

Tracing Evolutionary Relationships Few evidences which help us to trace evolutionary relationships among different organisms or species:

Homologous: Similar structure different functions. It indicates common ancestry for e.g. bones of forelimbs in frog, lizard, bird & human.
Analogous: Similar functions but different structure. Different structures evolved for same function & hence having similarity. For e.g. wings of bats & birds, eye of octopus & mammals, etc.
The age of the fossils can be estimated by two ways; relative depth of the fossils, dating fossils i.e. detection of ratios of different isotopes of the same element in the fossil material
It refers to a gradual evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become different species.
Reproductive and geographical isolation play an important role in the process of speciation. They result in change in the frequency of an existing gene variant in a population i.e. genetic drift.
Over generations, genetic drift along with natural selection results in the formation of new’ species,
Other factors that may result in speciation are sudden severe DNA changes (mutation) such as change in chromosomal no., variation such as female green beetle will not mate with red males. Her behavior ensures the reproductive isolation between them and thus results in generation of new’ species.

Evolution Should Not Be Equated With ‘progress’

Evolution is simply the generation of diversity & shaping of diversity by environmental selection.
The only progressive trend in evolution seems to be the emergence of more and more complex body designs over time. However, that doesn’t mean that the older designs are inefficient.
For e.g. simplest life forms; bacteria inhabits the most inhospitable habitats like hot springs, deep-sea thermal vents & ice in Antarctica.
Tolls, like excavating, time-dating and studying fossils, determining DNA sequences etc, have been used for studying human evolution.
All humans are a single species regardless of skin color or human races.
The earliest members of the human species, Homo sapiens, can be traced back to Africa i.e. we all come from Africa.
A couple of hundred thousand years ago, some of our ancestors left Africa while others stayed on.
The migrants slowly spread across the planet; from Africa to West Asia, then to Central Asia, Eurasia, South Asia, & East Asia.
They travelled down the islands of Indonesia and the Philippines to Australia, and they crossed the Bering land bridge to the Americas.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science All Chapters

Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations
Chapter 2 Acids, Bases and Salts
Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals
Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compounds
Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements
Chapter 6 Life Processes
Chapter 7 Control and Coordination
Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce?
Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution
Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction
Chapter 11 Human Eye and Colourful World
Chapter 12 Electricity
Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Chapter 14 Sources of Energy
Chapter 15 Our Environment
Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources

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Extra Questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution

Get extra questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution with PDF. Our subject expert prepared these solutions as per the latest NCERT textbook. These extra questions will be helpful to revise the important topics and concepts. You can easily download all the questions and answers in PDF format from our app.

Heredity And Evolution Class 10 Science Extra Questions with Answers

Question 1: What is a gene?

Answer: Gene is the unit of inheritance. Gene is the part of a chromosome which controls the appearance of a set of hereditary characteristics.

Question 2: What is meant by analogous organs? Taking a suitable example, explain how they support the theory of Organic Evolution.

Answer: Analogous organs are those organs which I have different basic structural design and developmental origin but have similar appearance and perform similar functions.

Example: The wings of birds and bats look similar but have different design in their structure. They have a common function of flying but their origins are not common. So, birds and bats are not closely related.

Question 3: What is a sex chromosome?

Answer: Sex chromosome is a chromosome that operates in the sex-determining mechanism of a species. Many animals have two different types of sex chromosomes. For example, in human there is a large X chromosome and a much smaller Y chromosome.

Question 4: “The sex of the children is determined by what they inherit from their father and not their mother.” Justify.

Answer: It is because a child who inherits an X chromosome from her father will be a girl and one who inherits a Y chromosome from his father will be a boy. But all children inherit a X chromosome from their mother regardless of whether they are boys or girls.

Question 5: Define variation in relation to a species. Why is variation beneficial to the species?

Answer: Variation refers to the differences in the characters or traits among the individuals of a species. Variations are beneficial to the species because:

They enable the organisms to adapt themselves in changing environment.
Variations form the basis of heredity.
They form the raw materials for evolution and development of new species.

Question 6: Describe briefly four ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population.

Answer: The four ways in which individuals with a particular trait may increase in a population are as follows:

Sexual reproduction results into variations.
The individuals with special traits survive the attack of their predators and multiply while the other
will perish.
Genetic drift provides diversity without any adaptation.
Variations in the species may lead to increased survival of the individuals.

Question 7: What are fossils? What do they tell us about the process of evolution?

Answer: The remains of dead plants and animals which were buried under the rocks millions of years ago are called fossils.

Fossils tell us about the process of evolution. The fossils of different organisms have some features similar to one species while some features are similar to the other species. In this way, they show the link between two species. They tell us that one species evolves from the other.

Question 8: Give one example each of characters that are inherited and the ones that are acquired in humans. Mention the difference between the inherited and the acquired characters.

Answer: Eye colour or hair colour of a person is an example of inherited character whereas, body weight is an example of acquired character.

The basic difference between inherited and acquired character is that inherited character is passed on from parent to offspring and acquired characters are acquired by an individual during his lifetime depending upon his lifestyle.

Question 9: How is the equal genetic contribution of male and female parents ensured in the progeny?

Answer: During sexual reproduction, a female gamete or egg cell fuses with a male gamete or sperm cell which are haploid to form zygote. Zygote is diploid which contains 23 chromosomes from mother and 23 from father. In this way, an equal genetic contribution of male and female parents is ensured in the progeny.

Question 10: What evidence do we have for the origin of life from inanimate matter?

Answer: Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey provided evidence regarding origin of life from inanimate matter. They assembled an atmosphere similar to that existed on early earth. The atmosphere had molecules like ammonia, methane and hydrogen sulphide, but no oxygen and kept over water at temperature just below 100°C. Sparks were passed through the mixture of gases. At the end of a week, 15% carbon from methane had been converted to simple compounds of carbon like amino acids which make-up protein molecules. So, life arose afresh on earth.

Question 12: Define ‘evolution’. Describe Darwin’s theory of evolution. [All India]

Answer: Evolution is the sequence of gradual changes which take place in the primitive organisms over millions of years and new species are produced. Since, the evolution is of the living organisms, so it is called ‘Organic Evolution’.

Darwin’s theory of Evolution: Charles Robert Darwin gave the theory of evolution in his famous book, ‘The Origin of Species’. The theory of evolution proposed by Darwin is known as ‘The Theory of Natural Selection’. It is also called ‘Darwinism’.

According to Darwin’s theory of evolution:

There is natural variation within any population and some individuals have more favourable variations than others.
Population remains fairly constant even though all species produce a large number of off springs.
This is due to ‘competition’ or struggle for existence between same and different species.
The struggle for survival within population eliminates the unfit individuals and those with ‘favourable variations’ survive and pass on these variations to their progeny to continue. This is called natural selection.
The favourable variations are accumulated over a long time period leading to the origin of a new species.

Question 13: Distinguish between acquired and inherited traits by giving one example of each. Why are traits acquired during the lifetime of an individual not inherited?

Answer: Acquired trait is a particular characteristic that is developed during the lifetime of an individual. Such characteristics are not genetically controlled and cannot be passed on to the next generation. Example: Loss of weight due to starvation.

Inherited trait is the transmission of particular characteristics from parents to their off springs, generation to generation. Such traits are genetically determined characteristic that distinguishes a person. Example: Colour of skin.

The acquired traits cannot change the DNA of the germ cells. Therefore, the acquired traits cannot be inherited over generations during the lifetime of an individual.

Question 14: The human beings who look so different from each other in terms of colour, size and looks are said to belong to the same species. Why? Justify your answer.

Answer: Human beings are said to belong to the same species because of the following reasons:

DNA studies.
Number of chromosome is same,
All have a common ancestor.
They interbreed among themselves to produce fertile young ones of their own kind.

Question 15: Explain the mechanism of sex determination in humans. Or With the help of a flow chart explain in brief how the sex of a newborn is genetically determined in human beings. Which of the two parents, the mother or the father, is responsible for determination of sex of a child?

Class 10 Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Extra Questions 15

Mechanism of Sex Determination in Human Beings:

In human beings, the sex of the individual is genetically determined.

Sex determination is the process by which sex of a new born individual can be determined.
Human beings have 1 unpaired sex chromosome. Sex chromosome of male is XY and of female is XX.
Sex of a child depends on what happens at fertilisation.

Thus, father is responsible for the determination of the sex of a child.

Question 16: With the help of suitable examples explain natural selection.

Answer: Let us assume that there exist a group of red beetles in some green bushes. Due to variation during sexual reproduction one green beetle evolved among them. This green beetle can pass the colour to its progeny which are green beetles.

Crows cannot see green beetles in green bushes and therefore, cannot eat them. The progeny of green beetles are not eaten while the progeny of red beetles continued to be eaten. As a result there are more and more green beetles in the beetle population. The progeny of green beetles increase due to natural selection which gives survival advantage.

Question 17: Explain the terms: (i) Speciation (ii) Natural selection

Answer: (i) Speciation is the evolution of reproductive isolation among once-interbreeding populations, i.e. the development of one or more species from an existing species.

(ii) Natural selection is the process, according to Darwin, which brings about the evolution of new species of animals and plants.

Question 18: Explain with examples how the following are evidences in favour of evolution in organisms. (i) Homologous organs (ii) Analogous organs (iii) Fossils

Answer: (i) Forelimb of human and bird are homologous organs. They have same structural design and developmental origin but they have different functions and appearance. Homologous organs help us to understand that the organism has evolved from a common ancestor. The more common characteristics the two species have, the more closely they are related.

(ii) Analogous organs are those organs design and developmental origin but have similar appearance and perform similar functions.

(iii) Fossils and their study is useful in knowing about the species which are no longer alive. They provide evidence and missing links between two classes. They are helpful in forming a sequence of organisms in the pathway of evolution. Thus, fossils have an importance in deciding evolutionary relationship. Archaeopteryx is a fossil bird. It had feathers, fused bones and beak which are exclusively bird structures. It also had some features which are found in reptiles, e.g. teeth in jaw, claws on free fingers and a long tail. This fossil provides a clue that birds have evolved from reptiles.

Question 19: Give an example of body characteristics used to determine how close two species are in terms of evolution and explain it.

Answer: Homologous organs help to identify the relationship between organisms. These characteristics in different organisms would be similar because they have inherited from a common ancestor.

For example, forelimbs of human and wings of birds show closeness between the two species because the organs have similar basic structural design of limbs though it has been modified to perform different functions.

Question 20: What are homologous organs? Can the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat be regarded as homologous? Why?

Answer: Homologous organs are those organs which have the same basic structural design and developmental origin but have different functions and appearance.

Example: The forelimb of a frog, a lizard, a bird and a man seem to be built from the same basic design of bones, but they perform different functions.

Class 10 Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Extra Questions 20

No, the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bat cannot be considered homologous organs because they have a common function for flying but their origin and structure are not common. So, they are analogous organs.

Question 21: What is meant by the term speciation? List four factors which could lead to speciation.

Answer: Speciation is the evolution of reproductive isolation among once interbreeding population.

Factors which can lead to speciation are:

Genetic drift: Over generations, genetic drift may accumulate which leads to speciation.
Natural selection: Natural selection may work differently in different location which may give rise to speciation.
Severe DNA change.
A variation may occur which does not allow sexual act between two groups.

Question 22: Distinguish between homologous organs and analogous organs. In which category; would you place wings of a bird and wings of a bat? Justify your answer giving a suitable reason.


Similar anatomy	Dissimilar anatomy
Dissimilar functions	Similar Functions
Inherited from a common ancestor	Not inherited from ancestors
Develops in related species	Develops in unrelated species
A result of divergent evolution	A result of convergent evolution
Developed as a result of the adaptation to a different environment	Developed as a result of the adaptation to a similar environment
An arm of a human, the leg of a dog or a flipper of a whale are all homologous structures	From wings in birds, bats and insects to fins in penguins and fishes are all analogous structures

Wings of a bird and wings of a bat are analogous organs as they have different basic structural design but have similar appearance and perform similar functions.

Question 23: A blue colour flower plant denoted by BB is cross breed with that of white colour flower plant denoted by bb. (a) State the colour of flower you would expect in their F1 generation plants. (b) What must be the percentage of white flower plants in F2 generation if flowers of F1 plants are self-pollinated? (c) State the expected ratio of the genotypes BB and Bb in the F2 progeny. [Delhi]

Answer:

Class 10 Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Extra Questions 23

Question 24: Define the term ‘evolution’. “Evolution cannot be equated with progress”. Justify this statement.

Answer: Evolution is the sequence of gradual change which takes place in primitive organisms over millions of years and new organisms are formed. Evolution cannot be equated to progress from lower forms to higher forms. It seems to have given rise to more complex body designs even while the simpler body designs continue to flourish. For example, human beings have not evolved from chimpanzees, but both have common ancestor.

Question 25: If we cross pure-bred tall (dominant) pea plant with pure-bred dwarf (recessive) pea plant we will get pea plants of F1 generation. If we now self-cross the pea plant of F2 generation, then we obtain pea plants of F2 generation. (a) What do the plants of F2 generation look like? (b) State the ratio of tall plants to dwarf plants in F2 generation. (c) State the type of plants not found in F2 generation but appeared in F2 generation, mentioning the reason for the same.

Answer: (a) All plants of F1 generation will be tall plants. (b) 3:1 (c) Dwarf trait is recessive trait which was not expressed in the F1 generation, the recessive trait gets expressed in the F2 generation after self-pollination.

Question 26: How are fossils formed? Describe, in brief, two methods of determining the age of fossils.

Answer: When organisms die, their bodies decompose due to action of microorganisms. However, sometime the body or at least some parts of the body may be in such an environment that does not let it decompose completely. All such preserved traces of living organisms are called fossils. The age of fossils can be estimated by the following two methods:

If we dig into the earth and start finding fossils, it can be assumed that the fossils closer to the surface are more recent to those found in deeper layers.
By detecting the ratios of different isotopes of the same element in the fossil material.

Question 27: State the meaning of inherited traits and acquired traits. Which of the two is not passed on to the next generation? Explain with the help of an example.

Answer: Inherited traits are the characteristics transmitted from parents to their offspring. Acquired traits are characteristics which are developed during the lifetime of an individual. Acquired traits are not passed on to the next generation. For example, if we breed a group of mice, all their progeny will have tails. Now, if the tails of these mice are removed by surgery and allowed to breed, the next generation mice will also have tails. If these tails are also removed and allowed to breed, the progeny of mice will again have tails. Removal of tail by surgery is an acquired trait and do not change the genes of germ cells and hence, are not passed on to the next generation.

Question 28: “An individual cannot pass on to its progeny the experiences of its lifetime.” Justify the statement with the help of an example and also give reason for the same.

Answer: Experience achieved during the lifetime of an individual does not make any change in the gene of the individual.

For example: if a person reads a book on birds, the knowledge he earns by reading the book does not make any change in the gene, hence, this knowledge will not get automatically transmitted to his next generation. Such a trait is called acquired trait.

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Chapter 9 Class 10 - Heredity and Evolution

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Chapter 9 of Class 10, Heredity and Evolution, you are going to learn about how heredity and evolution works for humans.

You will start by learning about the reasons or causes behind the variations in human beings . Basically, why all humans possess traits that are different from each other.

Then you will understand the concept of heredity and how different traits are transferred from the parents to their offsprings . In this section, you will also learn about the contributions of the scientist Gregor Johann Mendel in the study of traits and heredity .

You will also learn about how the gender of a human offspring can be identified .

After that you will learn about how evolution works. In this section you are going to learn about Darwin's Theory given by the scientist Charles Robert Darwin .

You will also learn about the changes that have taken place in the bodies of humans as species from historical times .

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CBSE Class 10 Science MCQ Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution

CBSE Class 10 Science MCQs Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution

According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter has been renumbered as Chapter 8 in NCERT Class 10 Science Textbook.

Heredity and Evolution Class 10 MCQs

CBSE Class 10 Science MCQs Chapter 9, Heredity And Evolution, are provided here to help students prepare for the board exam. These MCQs are created by subject experts after a thorough analysis of the CBSE Class 10 Science Syllabus and exam pattern. So, students must practise these Heredity And Evolution MCQs after understanding the concepts included in this chapter. Also, they can refer to the answers to check whether they have answered correctly or not. They can download the CBSE Class 10 Science MCQs Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution PDF from the link below. Also, they can access the CBSE Class 10 Science MCQs for other chapters as well as for their exam preparation.

Download CBSE Class 10 Science MCQs Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution with Answers PDF

Students must cover the following concepts of Chapter 9 – Heredity and Evolution from the NCERT Class 10 Science Textbook before solving these multiple choice questions.

Mendel’s Experiments
Sex Determination
Inherited & Acquired Traits
Natural Selection & Speciation
Homologous & Analogous Organs
Fossils & Evolution by Stages

CBSE Class 10 Science MCQs Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution with Answers

Q1) Mendel conducted his famous breeding experiments by working on the following:

(a) Drosophila

(b) Escherichia Coli

(d) All of these

Correct Answer: Option (c)

Q2) Which section of DNA provides information for one protein?

(a) Nucleus

(b) Chromosome

Correct Answer: Option (d)

Q3) Which of the following is an example of genetic variation?

(a) One person has a scar, but his friend doesn’t

(b) One person is older than the other

(d) Two children have different eye colour

Q4) In peas, a pure tall (TT) is crossed with a pure short plant(tt). The ratio of pure tall plants to pure short plants in the F2 generation is:

Q5) Humans have two different sex chromosomes, X and Y. Based on Mendel’s laws, a male offspring will inherit which combination of chromosomes?

(a) Both the X chromosomes from one of its parents

(b) Both the Y chromosomes from one of its parents

(d) A combination of X and Y chromosomes from either of its parents

Q6) Two pea plants, one with round green seeds (RR yy) and another with wrinkled yellow (rrYY) seeds, produce F 1 progeny that have round yellow (RrYy) seeds. When F 1 plants are self-pollinated, the F 2 progeny will have a new combination of characters. Choose the new combinations from the following:

(i) Round, yellow

(ii) Round, green

(iii) Wrinkled, yellow

(iv) Wrinkled, green

(a) (i) and (ii)

(b) (i) and (iv)

(d) (i) and (iii)

Correct Answer: Option (b)

Q7) Miller and Urey performed an experiment to prove the origin of life from organic compounds. The gases they took were:

(a) methane, ethane, ammonia, water vapour

(b) methane, ethane, hydrogen, ammonia

(d) methane, ammonia, hydrogen, water vapour

Q8) Which of the following is a pair of analogous organs?

(a) Wings of a pigeon and a bat

(b) Forelimbs of a frog and a bird

(d) Leaves of a pitcher plant and a Venus fly trap

Correct Answer: Option (a)

Q9) Two pink-coloured flowers on crossing resulted in 1 red, 2 pink and 1 white-flower progeny. The nature of the cross will be:

(a) double fertilization

(b) self-pollination

(d) no fertilization

Q10) A zygote which has an X chromosome inherited from the father will develop into a:

(d) either boy or girl

Q11) The surprise products formed in the experiment conducted by Miller and Urey were:

(a) peptides

(b) amino acids

(d) nucleic acids

Q12) From the list given below, select the character which can be acquired but not inherited.

(a) Colour of eyes

(b) Colour of skin

(d) Size of body

Q13) In humans, if gene B gives brown eyes and gene b gives blue eyes, what will be the colour of the eyes of the person having combination (i) Bb (ii) BB:

(a) (i) Brown (ii) Brown

(b) (i) Blue (ii) Blue

(d) (i) Brown (ii) Blue

Q14) What is the probability that the male progeny will be a boy?

(d) It varies

Q15) Which of the following does Darwin’s theory not include?

(a) Natural Selection

(b) Survival of the fittest

(d) Struggle for the existence of life

Q16) In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to green seeds. If a heterozygous yellow-seeded plant is crossed with a green-seeded plant, what ratio of yellow and green-seeded plants would you expect in the F 1 generation?

Q17) Which of the following statements is not true with respect to variation?

(a) All variations in a species have equal chances of survival.

(b) Change in genetic composition results in variation.

(d) Variation is minimum in asexual reproduction

Q18) The two versions of a trait (character) which are brought in by the male and female gametes are situated on:

(a) Copies of the same (homologous) chromosomes

(b) Two different chromosomes

(d) Any Chromosomes

Q19) Exchange of genetic material takes place in:

(a) Vegetative reproduction

(b) Asexual reproduction

(d) Budding

Frequently Asked Questions on Heredity And Evolution

Who coined the term genetics.

William Bateson.

What is inheritance?

The process of genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring is called inheritance.

What is Paleontology?

The study of fossils is known as palaeontology.

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Case Study Questions Class 10 Science Heredity and Evolution
CBSE Case Study Questions Class 10 Science Heredity and Evolution. A scientist cross pure-bred tall (dominant) pea plant with pure-bred dwarf (recessive) pea plant he will get pea plants of F1 generation. If now self-cross the pea plant of F2 generation is done, then we obtain pea plants of F2 generation. [KVS Raipur 2021-22]
Case Study Questions Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution
Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution. Case Study/Passage Based Questions. Question 1: Pea plants can have smooth seeds or wrinkled seeds. One of the phenotypes is completely dominant over the other.
CBSE 10th Science Heredity and Evolution Case Study Questions With
CBSE 10th Standard Science Subject Heredity and Evolution Case Study Questions With Solution 2021. Sex determination is the method by which distinction between males and females is established in a species. The sex of an individual is determined by specific chromosomes. These chromosomes are called sex chromosomes or allosomes.
Case Study and Passage Based Questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9
There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked. Here, we have provided case based/passage based questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution. Case Study/Passage Based Questions. Question 1:
Class 10 Science Chapter 8 Case Based Questions
The Case Based Questions: Heredity and Evolution is an invaluable resource that delves deep into the core of the Class 10 exam. These study notes are curated by experts and cover all the essential topics and concepts, making your preparation more efficient and effective.
Heredity and Evolution Case Study Based Questions Class 10
Students who are studying in CBSE class 10 board, need to get the knowledge about the Heredity and Evolution Case Study Based Questions. Case based questions are generally based on the seen passages from the chapter Heredity and Evolution. Through solving the case based questions, students can understand each and every concept.
Case Study Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution
Please refer to Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution Case Study Questions with answers provided below. We have provided Case Study Questions for Class 10 Science for all chapters as per CBSE, NCERT and KVS examination guidelines. These case based questions are expected to come in your exams this year. Please practise these case study based Class 10 ...
CASE BASED QUESTIONS from OSWAL PUBLICATION HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION for
Question 6. Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions The study of heredity is called genetics .Traits are characteristics such as hair colour ,eye colour , artistic or athletic ,height and more .Every living organism , plant , or animal , receives its characteristics or traits from its parents .In plants these traits may include seed colour ,flower position , length of ...
Class 10 Science: Case Study Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution PDF
Practice case-based questions on pea plant inheritance and variation for CBSE Class 10 Science exam. Find answers, explanations and examples for monohybrid, dihybrid and test crosses.
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Find important MCQs, short answer questions, long answer questions and case study questions from the chapter Heredity and Evolution of CBSE Class 10 Science. Learn about the mechanism of variation ...
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Heredity and Evolution Case Study Questions (CSQ's) Select the number of questions for the test: Keep paper and pencil ready but keep your books away. You can move between questions and answer them in any order you like. These tests are unlimited in nature…take as many as you like. You will be able to view the solutions only after you end ...
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution
Find detailed answers to the textbook questions and intext questions on heredity and evolution for class 10 science students. Learn about the concepts of variation, inheritance, evolution, speciation, fossils and human evolution with examples and diagrams.
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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution
Download free PDF solutions for NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution, which covers topics such as inheritance, variation, natural selection and genetic drift. Learn the concepts, examples and important questions with detailed explanations and analysis.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution
Find the intext and exercise questions with detailed explanations for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution. Learn about the concepts of variation, inheritance, natural selection, and genetic drift with examples and diagrams.
Heredity And Evolution Class 10 Science Extra Questions ...
Find extra questions with answers for Class 10 Science Chapter 9 Heredity And Evolution based on NCERT textbook. Learn about genes, sex chromosomes, variations, fossils, evolution and more with examples and explanations.
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Learn about the causes of variations, heredity, Mendel's laws, gender identification and evolution in humans with Teachoo's notes and NCERT solutions. Explore the concepts, examples and extra questions for Class 10 Biology Chapter 9.
Heredity and Evolution Case Study Based Questions Class 10
Heredity and Evolution Case Study Based Questions Class 10 SHARING IS CARING If our Website helped you a little, then kindly spread our voice using Social Networks.
CBSE Class 10 Science MCQs Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution
This web page provides multiple choice questions and answers on heredity and evolution for CBSE Class 10 Science students. It covers topics such as Mendel's experiments, sex determination, natural selection, fossils and evolution by stages.

Case Study Questions Class 10 Science Heredity and Evolution

CBSE Case Study Questions Class 10 Science Heredity and Evolution

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