the old man and the sea by ernest hemingway essay

The Old Man and the Sea

By ernest hemingway.

Hemingway explores perseverance, pride, and man's struggle with nature through Santiago's gritty battle with the marlin in "The Old Man and the Sea."

Main Themes

• Perseverance: Santiago endures physical pain and hardship, refusing to give up.
• Man vs. Nature: Santiago’s struggle with the marlin highlights man’s conflict with nature.
• Pride and Dignity: Santiago’s pride drives him to prove his worth despite his hardships.
• Simple, direct prose: Hemingway uses straightforward prose to reflect Santiago’s simple, resilient life.
• Sparse dialogue: Minimal but impactful conversations emphasize isolation and personal struggle.
• Symbolic imagery: Hemingway infuses rich symbols to deepen the novel’s meaning without overloading the narrative.
• The Marlin: The giant fish represents Santiago’s ultimate challenge and worthy opponent.
• The Sea: The sea symbolizes both a life-giving force and an indifferent, uncontrollable nature.
• The Lions: They reflect Santiago’s lost youth and vitality and his yearning for strength.

The novel begins with Santiago, an old fisherman who has gone eighty-four days without catching anything. He is determined to break this streak despite his failing reputation.

Santiago hooks a giant marlin and endures a three-day struggle at sea. His resolve is tested as the fish drags him farther into the ocean.

After Santiago finally catches the marlin, sharks devour it on his return. Though defeated, Santiago maintains his pride, accepting loss with dignity.

Continue down for complete analysis to The Old Man and the Sea

Article written by Emma Baldwin

B.A. in English, B.F.A. in Fine Art, and B.A. in Art Histories from East Carolina University.

Hemingway’s unique writing style is exemplified by his short, concise sentences and a factual approach to the events he portrays. Within the novella, a reader will come across complex themes of strength and perseverance, as well as symbols of perfection and age, all addressed directly.

Ernest Hemingway’s “ The Old Man and the Sea ” is a timeless tale of endurance, pride, and the delicate balance between man and nature. Through Santiago’s solitary struggle against the marlin, Hemingway explores several profound themes.

Pride and Nobility

One of the most significant themes is pride and nobility. Santiago’s pride is not the kind that leads to arrogance but rather a deep, personal dignity. He is proud of his abilities as a fisherman, though he doesn’t flaunt them. When he sets out alone to catch the marlin, it is not out of vanity but out of a desire to prove that he still possesses the strength and skill of his youth. His struggle with the marlin becomes an act of nobility, not just in fighting a worthy opponent but in how he carries himself throughout the battle. Even when the sharks devour the fish, Santiago remains noble, accepting defeat with grace. His loss does not diminish his pride; it is affirmed by his endurance in the face of overwhelming odds.

Perseverance and Determination

The theme of perseverance and determination is central to the novel. Santiago’s unwavering resolve to catch the marlin after eighty-four days without success reflects his relentless spirit. Even when his hands bleed, his back ached, and his body weakens, Santiago does not give up. This perseverance is a physical act and a testament to his mental and emotional resilience. He knows the risks and the pain that await him, but he pushes forward because it’s who he is—a man who endures. His struggle symbolizes human perseverance and the drive to keep going even when faced with impossible challenges.

Man vs. Nature

Hemingway also delves deeply into the theme of man vs. nature. Santiago’s battle with the marlin is a microcosm of this larger conflict. Nature is at once Santiago’s provider and his adversary. The sea, which he loves and respects, can be cruel, as seen when the sharks ravage his prized catch. Yet Santiago never curses the sea or the fish. Instead, he views them as equals in the grand scheme of life. His struggle with the marlin becomes a kind of communion with nature—a test of wills, where neither side is evil, but the natural order binds both. Ultimately, nature proves indifferent to Santiago’s desires, but his respect for it remains unwavering.

Youth and Old Age

In his old age, Santiago reflects on the strength and vitality he possessed in his youth. His dreams of lions on the beaches of Africa symbolize this lost youth and the vigor that came with it. While he can no longer match the physical prowess of his younger days, his wisdom and experience guide him through the battle with the marlin. The contrast between Santiago and his young apprentice, Manolin, highlights this tension between youth and age. Manolin represents hope and the future, while Santiago embodies the knowledge and endurance of old age. Their relationship shows that while youth brings strength, old age offers a deeper understanding of life’s struggles.

Finally, suffering is a theme that runs through the entire novel. Santiago suffers in silence, both in his poverty and his isolation. His hands are scarred, his body is frail, and the younger fishermen often dismiss him. Yet, it is his ability to endure suffering that defines him. The physical pain he experiences while fighting the marlin—his cramped hand, his aching back, his exhaustion—mirrors the mental and emotional pain of his long life. Like DiMaggio, who played through the pain of his bone spur, Santiago pushes through his suffering, driven by a sense of duty and pride. His suffering is not in vain, for it is through this pain that he achieves a sense of accomplishment, even in defeat.

Memory and its power over the present and future are important in “ The Old Man and the Sea. “ While Santiago navigates the Gulf of Mexico, he often becomes distracted by thoughts of the past. He can recall the strong young man he was and believes that some of that strength should still exist inside him. There are moving moments in the novella when Santiago thinks back to one specific memory that doesn’t seem to fade. He recalls the time he spent on a turtle fishing boat along the coast of Africa. While there, he saw lions playing on the beach. He isn’t sure why, but this image continues to come to mind. It ends the novel.

Key Moments in The Old Man and the Sea

• Santiago’s Struggle with Bad Luck : The novella begins with Santiago having gone 84 days without catching a fish, which introduces his struggle against misfortune and establishes the theme of perseverance.
• Santiago Sets Out Alone : On the 85th day, Santiago decides to fish far out in the Gulf Stream, marking the start of his journey and symbolizing his determination to break his streak of bad luck.
• Hooking the Marlin : Santiago hooks a massive marlin, which begins an intense, multi-day battle between the old man and the fish, symbolizing the struggle between man and nature.
• Santiago’s Endurance : For three days, Santiago battles exhaustion, pain, and hunger, showcasing his incredible endurance and the theme of personal triumph over hardship.
• The Marlin’s Surrender : Santiago finally harpoons the marlin, achieving victory, which represents the culmination of his hard-fought struggle and the pride it brings.
• Sharks Attack the Marlin : On the way back to shore, Santiago fends off sharks that attack the marlin. Despite his efforts, they devour the fish, leaving only its skeleton, symbolizing the futility of his struggle and loss.
• Santiago Returns Home : Exhausted and defeated, Santiago returns to shore with the marlin’s skeleton tied to his boat. Though he lost the fish, his perseverance and dignity remain intact.
• Recognition of Santiago’s Struggle : In the end, the villagers, including the boy Manolin, recognize Santiago’s heroic efforts, cementing the themes of honor, resilience, and the bittersweet nature of victory.

Style, Tone, and Figurative Language

Ernest Hemingway’s style is distinct for its simplicity and directness. Hemingway is best known for his “Iceberg Theory,” or the theory of omission, where much of the meaning is hidden beneath the surface of the text. In this novella, the language is sparse and unadorned. Hemingway writes with short, declarative sentences that reflect Santiago’s straightforward worldview. He strips away unnecessary complexity, focusing on the core of Santiago’s struggle, leaving much for the reader to infer. For instance, when Santiago catches the marlin, Hemingway describes the event with precise, economical prose: “Fish, you are going to have to die anyway. Do you have to kill me too?” The simplicity of the language mirrors Santiago’s elemental battle with the forces of nature. The novella’s style is also highly rhythmic, with a repetitive quality that mimics the ebb and flow of the sea, the monotony of Santiago’s days on the water, and his enduring perseverance. With this minimalist approach, the reader is not bogged down by ornate language or complex structure.

The tone in “ The Old Man and the Sea ” is meditative, respectful, and often melancholic. Hemingway treats Santiago’s struggle with dignity and reverence, highlighting the nobility of his battle against the marlin and the natural world. The tone frequently shifts to a somber mood, particularly as Santiago realizes the futility of his efforts once the sharks attack his prized marlin. While Santiago’s journey is ultimately a tragedy, the tone remains respectful, portraying him as a hero of immense strength and endurance. This respectful tone elevates Santiago’s struggle, making it not just about a fish but a larger reflection of human existence, purpose, and pride.

In “ The Old Man and the Sea ,” Hemingway’s use of figurative language is sparse but impactful, often enhancing the novella’s symbolic depth. Similes and metaphors are frequently employed to compare Santiago and the natural world. For example, the marlin is described as “beautiful and noble and full of skill,” reflecting Santiago’s qualities. This parallelism between man and fish underscores their shared nobility and the mutual respect that forms during their battle. Personification is also prominent, especially in Santiago’s relationship with the sea, which he calls “la mar” and views as a woman capable of nurturing and cruelty. This personification deepens Santiago’s spiritual connection to nature, emphasizing his dependence on the sea for sustenance and purpose.

In “ The Old Man and the Sea ,” Ernest Hemingway employs several potent symbols that deepen the narrative’s exploration of human struggle, perseverance, and resilience.

The sharks represent the inevitable forces of destruction that follow success. After Santiago catches the marlin, his victory is tainted as the sharks devour his prize. Despite Santiago’s courage and skill, the sharks’ attack emphasizes that nature is generous and ruthless. The old man fights them with everything he has, but their destructive power prevails, symbolizing the inescapable losses accompanying life’s most significant victories.

The sea is more than just a setting; it is a living entity that reflects Santiago’s relationship with the world. At times, the sea is nurturing, providing him with fish to sustain himself, while at other times, it is punishing, putting him through brutal trials. The sea symbolizes life’s unpredictable and uncontrollable nature, where moments of calm are interrupted by periods of hardship. Santiago’s respect for the sea, often referred to as “la mar” in the feminine, underscores his deep connection to the natural world, a relationship marked by reverence and confrontation.

The marlin serves as the most prominent symbol in the novel. It represents the ultimate challenge, a test of Santiago’s endurance and skill. The fish is not just an opponent but also a reflection of Santiago himself. The old man sees the marlin as a noble creature worthy of respect, and their struggle becomes one of mutual recognition. Santiago and the marlin endure suffering, and the fish’s defeat feels bittersweet, symbolizing the fine line between triumph and loss.

Hemingway’s use of DiMaggio as a symbol is telling. DiMaggio represents perseverance through physical pain, as Santiago often recalls how the baseball player continued to excel despite a bone spur in his heel. This is paralleled by Santiago’s suffering, particularly when his left hand cramps during his battle with the marlin. As DiMaggio plays through his handicap, Santiago fights, even when his body fails him. Both figures show that greatness is achieved not through the absence of pain but in the ability to endure and transcend it.

The mast of Santiago’s skiff is another significant symbol, particularly in how it mirrors Christ’s crucifixion. When Santiago returns to shore after his long and exhausting battle, he carries the mast on his shoulder, much like Christ carrying the cross. This imagery underscores Santiago’s suffering and sacrifice, framing his struggle as not just physical but spiritual. The burdensome mast symbolizes the weight of Santiago’s hardships and the dignity with which he bears them.

Finally, the lions are a recurring symbol in Santiago’s dreams, representing his lost youth, strength, and idealism. As a young man, Santiago saw lions on the beaches of Africa, and their image has stayed with him ever since. The lions symbolize vitality and freedom, qualities that Santiago longs for as he grows older. In his dreams, the lions offer him comfort, a reminder of a time when he was strong and fearless. By the novel’s end, as Santiago dreams of the lions again, they symbolize a peaceful return to his former glory and a final reconciliation with his life’s struggles.

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Emma Baldwin, a graduate of East Carolina University, has a deep-rooted passion for literature. She serves as a key contributor to the Book Analysis team with years of experience.

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The Old Man and the Sea

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• Table Of Contents

The Old Man and the Sea , short heroic novel by Ernest Hemingway , published in 1952 and awarded the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for fiction. It was his last major work of fiction. The story centres on an aging fisherman who engages in an epic battle to catch a giant marlin .

The central character is an old Cuban fisherman named Santiago, who has not caught a fish for 84 days. The family of his apprentice, Manolin, has forced the boy to leave the old fisherman, though Manolin continues to support him with food and bait. Santiago is a mentor to the boy, who cherishes the old man and the life lessons he imparts. Convinced that his luck must change, Santiago takes his skiff far out into the deep waters of the Gulf Stream , where he soon hooks a giant marlin . With all his great experience and strength, he struggles with the fish for three days, admiring its strength, dignity, and faithfulness to its identity; its destiny is as true as Santiago’s as a fisherman. He finally reels the marlin in and lashes it to his boat.

However, Santiago’s exhausting effort goes for naught. Sharks are drawn to the tethered marlin, and, although Santiago manages to kill a few, the sharks eat the fish, leaving behind only its skeleton. After returning to the harbour, the discouraged Santiago goes to his home to sleep. In the meantime, others see the skeleton tied to his boat and are amazed. A concerned Manolin is relieved to find Santiago alive, and the two agree to go fishing together.

The Old Man and the Sea contains many of the themes that preoccupied Hemingway as a writer and as a man. The routines of life in a Cuban fishing village are evoked in the opening pages with a characteristic economy of language. The stripped-down existence of the fisherman Santiago is crafted in a spare, elemental style that is as eloquently dismissive as a shrug of the old man’s powerful shoulders. With age and luck now against him, Santiago knows he must row out “beyond all people,” away from land and into the Gulf Stream , where one last drama would be played out, in an empty arena of sea and sky.

Hemingway was famously fascinated with ideas of men proving their worth by facing and overcoming the challenges of nature. When the old man hooks a marlin longer than his boat, he is tested to the limits as he works the line with bleeding hands in an effort to bring it close enough to harpoon . Through his struggle, Santiago demonstrates the ability of the human spirit to endure hardship and suffering in order to win. It is also his deep love and knowledge of the sea, in its impassive cruelty and beneficence, that allows him to prevail. The essential physicality of the story—the smells of tar and salt and fish blood, the cramp and nausea and blind exhaustion of the old man, the terrifying death spasms of the great fish—is set against the ethereal qualities of dazzling light and water, isolation, and the swelling motion of the sea. And through it all, the narrative is constantly tugging, unreeling a little more, and then pulling again, all in tandem with the old man’s struggle. It is a story that demands to be read in a single sitting.

The Old Man and the Sea was an immediate success and came to be regarded as one of Hemingway’s finest works. It was cited when he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. A hugely popular film adaptation starring Spencer Tracy was released in 1958.

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The Old Man and the Sea

Ernest hemingway.

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Resistance to Defeat

As a fisherman who has caught nothing for the last 84 days, Santiago is a man fighting against defeat. Yet Santiago never gives in to defeat: he sails further into the ocean than he ever has before in hopes of landing a fish, struggles with the marlin for three days and nights despite immense physical pain and exhaustion, and, after catching the marlin, fights off the sharks even when it's clear that the battle against…

Pride is often depicted as negative attribute that causes people to reach for too much and, as a result, suffer a terrible fall. After he kills the first shark , Santiago , who knows he killed the marlin "for pride," wonders if the sin of pride was responsible for the shark attack because pride caused him to go out into the ocean beyond the usual boundaries that fishermen observe. Santiago immediately dismisses the idea, however…

The friendship between Santiago and Manolin plays a critical part in Santiago's victory over the marlin . In return for Santiago's mentorship and company, Manolin provides physical support to Santiago in the village, bringing him food and clothing and helping him load his skiff. He also provides emotional support, encouraging Santiago throughout his unlucky streak. Although Santiago's "hope and confidence had never gone," when Manolin was present, "they were freshening as when the breeze rises."…

Youth and Age

The title of the novella, The Old Man and the Sea , suggests the critical thematic role that age plays in the story. The book's two principal characters, Santiago and Manolin , represent the old and the young, and a beautiful harmony develops between them. What one lacks, the other provides. Manolin, for example, has energy and enthusiasm. He finds food and clothing for Santiago, and encourages him despite his bad luck. Santiago, in turn…

Man and Nature

Since The Old Man and the Sea is the story of a man's struggle against a marlin , it is tempting to see the novella as depicting man's struggle against nature. In fact, through Santiago , the novella explores man's relationship with nature. He thinks of the flying fish as his friends, and speaks with a warbler to pass the time. The sea is dangerous, with its sharks and potentially treacherous weather, but it also…

Christian Allegory

The Old Man and the Sea is full of Christian imagery. Over the course of his struggles at sea, Santiago emerges as a Christ figure. For instance: Santiago's injured hands recall Christ's stigmata (the wounds in his palms); when the sharks attack, Santiago makes a sound like a man being crucified; when Santiago returns to shore he carries his mast up to his shack on his shoulder, just as Christ was forced to bear his…

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The Old Man and the Sea Ernest Hemingway

The Old Man and the Sea essays are academic essays for citation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway.

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The Old Man and the Sea Essays

Hemingway’s fight with old age jessie yu, the old man and the sea.

The Old Man and the Sea is a novella that “should be read easily and simply and seem short,” Hemingway writes in a letter to his friend Charles Scribner, “yet have all the dimensions of the visible world and the world of a man’s spirit” (738).

A Different Outlook on Christian Symbolism in Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea Ashley Elizabeth Harrison College

A Different Outlook on Christian Symbolism in Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea

The ideas revolving around Christian symbolism in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea have run rampant ever since the novella was first published in 1952...

Santiago: Transcending Heroism Elaina Smith 11th Grade

In Ernest Hemingway’s work of literary brilliance, The Old Man and The Sea, Santiago finds himself pitted against a beauty of nature – a beast in the eyes of man. At first glancetranscending thetask of slaying the marlin is what makes Santiago a...

Chasing Fish: Comparing The Ultimate Goals Found in "The Old Man and The Sea" And "Dances with Wolves" Haley Parson 11th Grade

We are all chasing our own fish. We're all trying desperately to grasp something that is just out of our reach. For Santiago, the main character in Hemingway's The Old Man and The Sea , he is chasing a literal fish. He exhibits exceptional amounts...

Hemingway the Absurdist Paul Patterson College

Hemingway’s beliefs are generally understood to be existential. This is a largely accurate generalization, but Hemingway’s writings lean toward a more pessimistic view of existentialism than that of his peers. His novels and short stories do not...

Nature in The Old Man and the Sea: From Transcendentalism to Hemingway's Modernism Nathan Young College

Thoreau writes that “This curious world we inhabit...is more wonderful than convenient; more beautiful than useful; it is more to be admired and enjoyed than used.” This seems to be a philosophy that Hemingway’s character, Santiago, would adopt....

Christian Symbolism in The Old Man and the Sea Anonymous College

“But man is not made for defeat…A man can be defeated but not destroyed”. These eternal lines from Hemingway’s novel, The Old Man and the Sea reflect the strong Christian motif of hope and resurrection that is present as a strong undertone in the...

Pride: A Virtue or a Curse? Anonymous 10th Grade

Though pride can have a negative connotation and is often thought of as a synonym for being full of one’s self, it can also be an honest and healthy feeling of genuine satisfaction with one’s own achievements. In other instances, pride can also...

Vivid Description Used in The Old Man and the Sea Anonymous 11th Grade

Ernest Hemingway's "The Old Man and The Sea" is undoubtedly a truly brilliant classic story. One writing technique that Ernest Hemingway used extremely well in this book is a vivid description. Because the bulk of the story takes on a small skiff...

Liminal Figures in Shaw and Hemingway Anonymous College

Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea and Bernard Shaw’s Mrs. Warren’s Profession both follow characters who are portrayed as existing on the limits of their respective societies. Santiago and Mrs. Warren both maintain their fringe positions...

The Old Man and the Sea

Introduction.

The Old Man and the sea, published in 1952 is a novella written by renowned novelist Ernest Hemingway. The novel wins the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for fiction. This novel was Hemingway’s last major work of fiction. The plot of the novel revolves around an old fisherman who engages himself in a heroic encounter to hook a giant fish, marlin.

The Old Man and the Sea Summary

A marlin begins gnawing at the bait toward noon, which is almost one hundred measures down. The old man slightly plays the fish that is a really big one, as known through the weight in the line. Finally, he attacks to settle down the hook. However, the fish does not come on the surface, instead starts hauling towards the northwest. Santiago stretches the line across his shoulder and supports himself. He, being a skilled fisherman and knows many tricks, waits patiently so that the fish exhaust.

When the old man goes in a boat to the coast, all the lights are gone. In the dark, Santiago only manages to understand the backbone and the tail of the fish. He starts pushing the fish and the boat. Once he falls down due the weight, however, lays tolerantly till he can collect some courage and strength. In the shelter, he immediately goes to sleep after falling in his bed.

The Old Man and the Sea Characters Analysis

Themes in the old man and the sea.

From the start novel, Santiago, the central character of the novel and the protagonist, is characterized by someone who is struggling against his fortune. Initially, he is struggling against his defeat: he hasn’t caught a single fish since eighty-four days and soon is going to pass his own personal best of eighty-seven days.

The novel proposes that it is conceivable to exceed this expected regulation. Indeed, the actual certainty of obliteration generates the standings that permit a well-intentioned man or beast to exceed it. It is indeed over the determination to fight the unavoidable that a man is able to attest himself. In fact, the worthiness of the opponent that a man chooses can attest his determination to fight over and over again.

Pride: the Source of Greatness and Determination:

Many resembling qualities occur among  Santiago and the classic heroes of the ancient world. Besides displaying enormous power, valor, and ethical conviction, they also have a tragic flaw. Though this quality is usually admirable, however, leads to the downfall of the character. Santiago is strongly aware of his tragic flaw-pride. The old man, time and again, apologizes from the marlin, when sharks destroyed it. He concedes that he ruined both, the marlin and himself, sailing beyond his limit.

The Old Man and the Sea Literary Analysis

The Old Man and the Sea  is a short novel and unlike other novels, it is not divided into chapters. Nevertheless, it is not suitable to call it a short story with 27,500 words approximately. Determinations to fragment it into identifiably distinct portions are disorganized at greatest since its action transfers laterally a timeline of sunrise, midday, dusk, nighttime, and dawning that is then and there reiterated, plus through slight recollecting by the character and no interruptions by the novelist.

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