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U.S. Department of the Treasury

U.s. continues to degrade russia’s military-industrial base and target third-country support with nearly 300 new sanctions.

WASHINGTON — Today, the Department of the Treasury is taking action to further degrade Russia’s ability to sustain its war machine, continuing a multilateral campaign to limit the Kremlin’s revenue and access to the materiel it needs to prosecute its illegal war against Ukraine. Today’s actions target Russia’s military-industrial base and chemical and biological weapons programs as well as companies and individuals in third countries that help Russia acquire key inputs for weapons or defense-related production.

The United States, along with many international partners, is particularly concerned about entities based in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and other third countries that provide critical inputs to Russia’s military-industrial base. This support enables Russia to continue its war against Ukraine and poses a significant threat to international security. The almost 300 targets being sanctioned by both Treasury and the Department of State include sanctions on dozens of actors that have enabled Russia to acquire desperately needed technology and equipment from abroad. 

“Treasury has consistently warned that companies will face significant consequences for providing material support for Russia’s war, and the U.S. is imposing them today on almost 300 targets,” said Secretary of the Treasury Janet L. Yellen. “Today’s actions will further disrupt and degrade Russia’s war efforts by going after its military industrial base and the evasion networks that help supply it. Even as we’re throwing sand in the gears of Russia’s war machine, President Biden’s recently-passed National Security Supplemental is providing badly-needed military, economic, and humanitarian support to bolster Ukraine’s courageous resistance. Combined, our support for Ukraine and our relentless targeting of Russia’s military capacity is giving Ukraine a critical leg-up on the battlefield.”

In addition to the nearly 200 targets sanctioned by the Department of the Treasury, the Department of State is imposing sanctions on over 80 entities and individuals that are engaged in sanctions evasion and circumvention or are related to Russia’s chemical and biological weapons programs and defense industrial base. The Department of State is also targeting Russia’s revenue generation through its future energy, metals, and mining production and sanctioning additional individuals in connection with the death of opposition leader and anticorruption activist Aleksey Navalny. For more information on State actions, see the Department of State Fact Sheet .

The U.S. Department of Justice also filed a forfeiture complaint today against a set of aircraft landing gear for a Boeing 737-800 that was detained in September 2023 at Miami International Airport by U.S. Customs and Border Patrol. The gear was purchased for $1.55 million for the benefit of a Kyrgyz Republic-based transhipper of dual-use items servicing the Russian Federation, in violation of U.S. sanctions on LLC RM Design and Development, which was designated by OFAC in July 2022. 

SANCTIONS EVASION, CIRCUMVENTION, AND BACKFILL

Treasury is committed to disrupting individuals and entities who help facilitate Russia’s acquisition of technology and equipment for its war machine. Treasury and other U.S. government partners have issued extensive guidance and conducted outreach around the world to educate and inform about the risks of doing business with Russia, and Treasury will continue to take unilateral action when necessary to disrupt Russia’s military-industrial supply chains, no matter where they are located. Today’s action includes nearly 60 targets located in Azerbaijan, Belgium, the PRC, Russia, Slovakia, Türkiye, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), that enable Russia to acquire desperately-needed technology and equipment from abroad. 

For more information on these targets,  please see Annex 1 . 

RUSSIA’S MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL BASE 

Russia’s military-industrial base relies on a vast ecosystem of entities that enable and support the production, maintenance, transportation, and sustainment of materiel used by Russia’s military. Today’s action takes aim at more than 100 entities operating or that have operated in the technology, defense and related materiel, manufacturing, or transportation sectors of the Russian Federation economy. 

For more information on these targets,  please see Annex 2 .

Foreign financial institutions that conduct or facilitate significant transactions, or provide any service, involving Russia’s military-industrial base—including any person designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology, defense and related materiel, construction, aerospace, or manufacturing sectors of the Russian Federation economy—run the risk of being sanctioned by OFAC. Russia’s military-industrial base may also include individuals and entities that support the sale, supply, or transfer of  certain items or classes of items . OFAC has issued  Guidance for Foreign Financial Institutions on OFAC Sanctions Authorities Targeting Support to Russia’s Military-Industrial Base .

RUSSIA’S ACQUISITION OF EXPLOSIVES PRECURSORS

Russia relies on external suppliers for cotton cellulose and its highly flammable byproduct, nitrocellulose, which are key explosives precursors that Russia needs to keep producing gunpowder, rocket propellants, and other explosives. Today’s action targets major Russian importers of cotton cellulose, nitrocellulose, and key inputs to nitrocellulose such as cotton pulp, as well as two PRC-based suppliers sending these substances to Russia. 

For more information on these targets,  please see Annex 3 .

RUSSIA’S CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS PROGRAM PROCUREMENT

Treasury is also targeting three Russia-based entities and two individuals involved in procuring items for military institutes involved in Russia’s chemical and biological weapons programs. In coordination, the Department of State is separately designating three Russian government entities associated with Russia’s chemical and biological weapons programs and four Russian companies contributing to such entities. These actions are being taken concurrent with the Department of State’s imposition of Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991 (the CBW Act) sanctions on Russia over its use of the chemical weapon chloropicrin against Ukrainian troops.

For more information on these targets,  please see Annex 4 .

EXPANSION OF RUSSIA’S NATURAL GAS INFRASTRUCTURE

Guided by commitments made in February by President Biden and G7 leaders to take steps to limit Russia’s future energy revenues and impede Russia’s development of future energy projects, today Treasury is targeting two Russia-based entities involved in natural gas-related construction projects, Neftegazstroy and Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Vnipigazdobycha . These entities were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the construction sector of the Russian Federation economy. 

ANNEX 1: SANCTIONS EVASION, CIRCUMVENTION, AND BACKFILL

Russian unmanned aerial vehicle procurement network.

Tulun International Holding Limited (Tulun International) is a Hong Kong-based procurement intermediary that represented itself as the end-user of, but ultimately resold, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) boards that were installed in Russian one-way attack unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) used by Russian military forces to attack Ukrainian targets, and shortly thereafter recovered in October and November 2023.

Russia-based Limited Liability Company Ultran Electronic Components (Ultran EK) procures microelectronics, including items that have been recovered from Orlan-10 UAVs used against Ukrainian forces. Ultran EK imported 71 shipments of electronic integrated circuits into Russia between June 8, 2022 and September 26, 2023, including electronic integrated circuits with UAV applications such as field programmable gate arrays.

After Russia’s February 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Ultran EK began to rely on Hong Kong-based RG Solutions Limited (RG Solutions) for microelectronics. RG Solutions exported 104 shipments of electronic integrated circuits between January 1, 2023 and December 25, 2023, including electronic integrated circuits with UAV applications such as field programmable gate arrays. RG Solutions engaged in wire transfer activity that indicated the trading of electronic components with military applications to Russia. RG Solutions engaged in payments referencing invoices, transport services, microcircuits, compressor spare parts, freight, and contracts.

Hong Kong-based Finder Technology Limited (Finder Technology) exported 293 shipments of electronic integrated circuits between January 3, 2023 and December 29, 2023, including electronic integrated circuits with UAV applications such as field programmable gate arrays. Finder Technology acted as an intermediary for Russia-based  Joint Stock Company Compel (Compel) and exported microelectronics to Compel, prior to and following its July 20, 2023 designation by the Department of the Treasury pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the electronics sector of the Russian Federation economy. 

PRC-based Juhang Aviation Technology Shenzhen Co, Ltd. (Juhang Aviation) exported 94 shipments of export-controlled items with UAV and other military applications, including items in Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 4 of the  Department of Commerce Common High Priority List , to Russia-based TSK Vektor OOO (TSK Vektor) between August 5, 2022 and December 31, 2023. Items exported to TSK Vektor by Juhang Aviation included items for UAV production such as propellers, signal jammers, sensors, and UAV engines.  TSK Vektor was designated by the Department of the Treasury pursuant to E.O. 14024 on December 12, 2023, for providing material support to  IEMZ Kupol , which produces one-way attack UAVs for the Russian Ministry of Defense and was designated by the U.S. Department of the Treasury pursuant to E.O. 14024 on December 12, 2023 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy. Juhang Aviation has also exported dual-use items with UAV and other military applications, such as integrated circuits, to LLC Testkomplekt.  LLC Testkomplekt was designated by the Department of the Treasury pursuant to E.O. 14024 on May 19, 2023 for operating or having operated in the electronics sector of the Russian Federation economy. 

Tulun International, Ultran EK, RG Solutions, Finder Technology, and Juhang Aviation were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Radioavtomatika Procurement Network

The Treasury Department is also designating individuals and entities that are part of the procurement network of Russian defense procurement firm Radioavtomatika LLC (Radioavtomatika) and its front company, Novastream Limited (Novastream), to acquire foreign electronic components that are critical to Russia’s war effort.  Radioavtomatika was designated by the Department of State pursuant to E.O. 14024 on March 3, 2022 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy. Since Radioavtomatika’s designation, it has sought to leverage a broad network of intermediaries to acquire foreign electronic components critical to Russia’s war effort, including through close coordination with its front company, Novastream.  Novastream was designated by the Department of the Treasury pursuant to E.O. 14024 on September 30, 2022 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Radioavtomatika. 

Ivan Vladimirovich Seliverstov (Seliverstov) is a Russian businessman who has conducted business with sanctioned companies such as Radioavtomatika. Seliverstov has used his two Russia-based companies, Militechtrade Limited Liability Company (Militechtrade) and Joint Stock Company Militech (JSC Militech) to procure imported microelectronics on behalf of Radioavtomatika.

In support of Radioavtomatika, Seliverstov has collaborated with other Russian defense procurement companies, including Alfa Limited Liability Company (Alfa LLC).

Seliverstov and Alfa LLC were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of, Radioavtomatika. Militechtrade and JSC Militech were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Seliverstov.

Yegor Igoryevich Mozhayev (Mozhayev) is a Russian national who is employed by Radioavtomatika. Mozhayev handles Radioavtomatika’s relationships with multiple suppliers and intermediaries, as well as oversees the company’s efforts to acquire advanced electronic components through its global procurement network. Mozhayev is also the owner and general director of Russia-based company Leda Limited Liability Company (Leda).

Mozhayev was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Radioavtomatika. Leda was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Mozhayev.

Aksioma Limited Liability Company (Aksioma) is a Moscow, Russia-based company founded in May 2017. Aksioma has conducted numerous transactions directly with Radioavtomatika and through Novastream related to the supply of electronic components.

Global Key Limited Liability Company (Global Key) is a St. Petersburg, Russia-based company founded in February 2022. Radioavtomatika has relied on Global Key to fulfill multiple Russian defense contracts.

Bimlogic Limited Liability Company (Bimlogic) is a St. Petersburg, Russia-based company founded in April 2022. Bimlogic has purchased thousands of dollars’ worth of U.S.-origin components on behalf of Novastream and has assisted Novastream officials to hide Radioavtomatika’s involvement in weapons-related transactions.

Aksioma and Global Key were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of, Radioavtomatika. Bimlogic was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of, Novastream.

PRC and Hong Kong-based technology suppliers

The following PRC-based entities were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Wuhan Global Sensor Technology Co., Ltd. , has provided infrared detectors and other components to Russian companies. Among the companies supplied by Global Sensor Technology was a Russian manufacturer of military optics.
• Wuhan Tongsheng Technology Co., Ltd.  has made numerous shipments of high-priority technology to Russia and, in October 2023, attended a state security technology exposition in Moscow that was hosted with the support of the Russian Ministry of Defense. 
• HK Hengbangwei Electronics Limited and Chip Space Electronics Co., Limited  are Hong Kong-based companies that have each made hundreds of shipments of foreign-origin microelectronics to Russia, including to U.S.-designated Russian technology company Uniservice Limited Liability Company (Uniservice). 
• IPM Limited (IPM) is based in Hong Kong and has shipped hundreds of shipments of foreign-origin microelectronics to U.S.-designated Russian technology company Uniservice, as well as a shipment of machine tool components to Russia. The director of IPM is Austria-based Russian national Sergei Vyacheslavovich Makarov , who is being designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being or having been a leader, official, senior executive officer, or member of the board of directors of IPM. 
• Chengdu Keylink Wireless Technology Co., Ltd is based in the PRC and has shipped communications equipment to Russian companies, including U.S.-designated Limited Liability Company SMT-iLOGIC (SMT-iLOGIC) and Uniservice. SMT-iLOGIC is involved in a large-scale procurement network to obtain foreign-origin technology used to manufacture Orlan drones for the Russian military.
• Hong Kong-based Jinmingsheng Technology HK Co Limited  has supplied noise-suppressing filters, pressure sensors, and microcontrollers found in Russian missile systems and UAVs to U.S.-designated electronic components supplier LLC Onelek .

PRC Companies Providing Support to Russian Defense Entities

• Zhongcheng Heavy Equipment Defense Technology (Shandong) Group Co., Ltd  (ZHE) ZHE is a PRC-based defense company that produces and sells weapons, ammunition, unmanned aerial vehicles, and other defense equipment. ZHE was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods in services to or in support of PMC Wagner , a person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to E.O. 14024.
• Shvabe Opto-Electronics Co., Ltd (Shvabe Opto) has made thousands of shipments to its parent company, U.S.-sanctioned Joint Stock Company Production Association Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant Named After E.S. Yalamov (JSC PA UOMP), including hundreds of shipments of foreign-origin microelectronics. JSC PA UOMP is a Russian defense entity that develops instruments for Russia’s combat aircraft, helicopters, and naval ships. Shvabe Opto was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, JSC PA UOMP, a person whose property and interests in property are blocked pursuant to E.O. 14024. Shvabe Opto was previously added to the U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security's Entity List on October 11, 2023.

Belgium- and Türkiye-based Machine Tool Procurement Networks

Russia-based Sonatec Limited Liability Company  (Sonatec) is a developer and supplier of manufacturing solutions and of metalworking equipment and high-precision machine tools that has working relationships with over a dozen Russian defense companies. Belgium-based mechanical products and machine tool supplier Groupe D’Investissement Financier SA  (GIF) has delivered machinery and equipment to Sonatec. Sonatec’s general director and owner, Ruslan Viktorovich Labin  (Ruslan), is the son of Belgium-based GIF owner Viktor Gennadievich Labin  (Viktor), an alleged officer of Russia’s U.S.-sanctioned Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU). Along with his other son, Roman Viktorovich Labin (Roman), who also individually procures machine tools for Sonatec, Viktor has used Türkiye-based GIF Groupe Dinvestissement Financi Osborne Dis Tic Ltd Sti (GIF Osborne) to send machine tools, polymers, and industrial chemical products to Sonatec.

Sonatec, GIF, Ruslan, Viktor, and Roman were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy. GIF Osborne was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of, Sonatec.

Türkiye-based Etasis Elektronik Tarti Aletleri Ve Sistemleri Sanayi Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi (Etasis) purchases British machine tool equipment and resells it to companies in Russia. Russia-based Vektor Etalon  (Vektor) is a Russia-based manufacturing company involved in the repair of machinery and the wholesale of instruments and equipment. Algoritm Tochnosti (Algoritm) is a Russia-based company involved in the wholesale of machine tools as well as the supply and maintenance of equipment. Both Vektor and Algoritm have supplied goods that were ultimately destined for Russian defense-related enterprises. Etasis has made dozens of shipments of machine-related goods to Russia, including to Vektor and U.S.-designated Promoil Limited Liability Company , which supplies goods to Russian defense companies. Etasis, Vektor, and Algoritm were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Hong Kong-, Slovakia-, and UAE-based Electronics Procurement Networks

Russia-based Compliga is a supplier of IT products and equipment and electronics. Compliga has imported at least $180 million worth of electronics from abroad since April 1, 2022, almost exclusively from Hong Kong-based Pixel Devices Limited (Pixel). Pixel, whose primary client is Compliga, has shipped at least $210 million in electronics to Russia since April 1, 2022. Slovakia-based Carovilli Trading SRO (Carovilli) purchases computer equipment and software and resells it to companies in Russia. Over the course of just a few months in 2023, Carovilli sent over 350 shipments of electronics, including electronic modules, printed circuits, and microprocessors, to Compliga. 

Compliga, Pixel, and Carovilli were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy. 

Russia-based defense contractor Limited Liability Company Spring Elektroniks (Spring Elektroniks) manufactures integrated electronic circuits and other electronic components and fills orders for, among others, U.S.-sanctioned Russian military-industrial firms Radiotekhkomplekt , which supplies electronic components to Russian research institutes and design bureaus, and KBP Instrument Design Bureau , which creates precision-guided weapons, antitank missile systems, tank weapons systems, guided artillery, and air defense systems. UAE-based Albait Al Khaleeje General Trading LLC (Albait), which advertises itself as an auto spare parts wholesale exporter, organizes the import and transit of so-called “sanctioned goods” to Russia through the UAE. Albait has been involved in more than 6,800 shipments to Russian customers, including more than 450 to Spring Elektroniks. Albait has primarily sent Spring Elektroniks soldering and welding machines that are critical to electronics production.

Spring Elektroniks was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy. Albait was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Kamaz Supply Chain

On June 28, 2022,  OFAC designated KAMAZ Publicly Traded Company (KAMAZ) , Russia’s largest truck manufacturer, one of the world’s top 20 heavy duty truck producers, and a supplier of armored vehicles to Russia’s military. Today, OFAC is targeting several entities that have continued to help KAMAZ acquire goods and equipment. 

The following entities were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the transportation sector of the Russian Federation economy:

Türkiye-based A Y A Universal Denizcilik Kumanyacilik Liman Hizmetleri Ithalat Ihracat Limited Sirketi  shipped parts for diesel internal combustion engines and pumps to KAMAZ.

• Russia-based LLC Turbo King is a vehicle parts wholesaler that has imported products for KAMAZ.
• Russia-based Rostar Research and Production Association Limited Liability Company  is a transportation manufacturing and automotive components company that has imported products for KAMAZ.

Russia-Based So-Called “Sanctioned Goods” Procurement Agents

The following Russia-based entities were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the transportation sector of the Russian Federation economy. All of these companies openly boast of their services to help Russia-based end-users acquire so-called “sanctioned goods.”

• Artmarine LLC  is a freight forwarding and logistics company offering options to import so-called “sanctioned goods” into Russia.
• Importeks  has developed a service for the delivery of so-called “sanctioned goods” to Russia, handling transportation and customs clearance services.
• Limited Liability Company Eurotransexpedition  is a forwarding company that offers the import of so-called “sanctioned goods.”
• OOO PV Bridzh  (PVB) offers services including the delivery of so-called “sanctioned goods.” PVB also offers cargo transportation services to evade sanctions, such as through payment swaps from rubles to euros and alternative routes to Russia through third countries. 
• OOO Standard Line offers the import, export, and reexport of goods to or from Russia through Kazakhstan to circumvent sanctions.
• OOO Orlan  is a logistics operator and international forwarder that has developed a service for the purchase and transportation of so-called “sanctioned goods.”  

Petrov Procurement Network

Evgenii Stanislavich Petrov (Petrov) is the General Director of U.S.-designated  TK Logimeks , a Russia-based cargo shipping company. Petrov has acted as a covert procurement intermediary and has worked to obtain export-controlled foreign-made products on behalf of Russian-end-users. Natallia Butrym (Butrym) is an employee of TK Logimeks who has been involved in facilitating the shipments of goods to Russian end-users. Gonul Export Lojistik Ticaret Ve Sanayi Limited Sirketi  (Gonul Export) has sent tool-mounting equipment for lateral machines and appliances for fixing items for turning machines to Russia. Petrov and Butrym have used Gonul Export to procure equipment for Russian end-users. MSO Lojistik Tic Ve Sanayi Ltd Sti (MSO Lojistik) is owned by Petrov, who has used the company for his procurement activity. 

Petrov and Butrym were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the transportation sector of the Russian Federation economy. Gonul Export was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy. MSO Lojistik was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Petrov, a person whose property and interest in property are concurrently proposed to be blocked pursuant to E.O. 14024. 

Aliyev Procurement Network

Yevgeni Aliyev  is a procurement agent coordinating a network of intermediaries that places orders on behalf of Russian end-users with close ties to the Russian miliary. Aliyev’s procurement network includes Lahic Energy Mahdud Masuliyyatli Camiyyati  (Lahic Energy), GMM FZE , and GMM Management DMCC (GMM Management). Lahic Energy is an Azerbaijan-based entity that has sought to conduct business on behalf of U.S.-sanctioned Russian technology producers in 2023. GMM FZE and GMM Management are UAE-based entities that sought to conduct business on behalf of U.S. sanctioned Russian technology producers in 2023. Jahangir Yevgenyevich Aliyev (Jahangir Aliyev) is the director of Lahic Energy and is the son of Yevgeni Aliyev. 

Yevgeni Aliyev was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy. Lahic Energy, GMM FZE, GMM Management, and Jahangir Aliyev were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Türkiye-based Electronics Supplier 

Alpha Impex Ithalat Ve Ihracat Dis Ticaret Limited Sirketi (Alpha Impex) sent over two million dollars’ worth of shipments to Russia-based end-users at the end of 2023, including microcircuits, programable logic devices, and transistors. Alpha Impex has been used by U.S.-designated  JSC Academician M.F. Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems (Reshetnev) to procure U.S.-made equipment for use in sensitive military satellites. Reshetnev has described its satellites and their associated systems as vital to Russia’s defense capabilities and has supported Russian government space systems that the Russian military uses to perpetrate its war against Ukraine.

Alpha Impex was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Leadership of Russia-Based Sanctioned Entities

U.S.-designated Public Joint Stock Company Kremny has supplied Russian military customers with microelectronics and has worked with U.S.-designated companies  Elfor TL and  Fotoniks Klaud . Yurii Anatolyevich Korzhavin (Korzhavin) is a shareholder of  Elfor TL . Lidiya Germanovna Korzhavina (Korzhavina) is a shareholder of Elfor TL. OFAC designated Elfor TL’s general director  Mikhail Chepurnoi in February 2024. Anzhelika Anatolyevna Litvyakova (Litvyakova) is the General Director and owner of  Fotoniks Klaud . 

Korzhavin and Korzhavina were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the transportation sector of the Russian Federation economy. Litvyakova was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy.

ANNEX 2: RUSSIA’S MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL BASE AND OTHER SECTORS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ECONOMY

The following Russia-based persons were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Tsentralnoe Konstruktorskoe Byuro Apparatostroeniya (TSKBA) develops and produces armament and military equipment training devices for the Russian Ministry of Defense. TSKBA also creates radar control systems for precision weapons.
• Complex Unmanned Solutions Center LTD works with the Russian Ministry of Defense on the development of combat first-person view (FPV) systems.
• Institute of Applied Physics JSC  develops air-launched unguided rockets and projectiles.
• Information Telecommunication Technologies Joint Stock Company  produces hardware and software for submarines and surface ships.
• Joint Stock Company Class  develops and manufactures armor, ceramic composite shields, shockproof protection systems, and armored fortified structures.
• Joint Stock Company Duks  produces aircraft and bomber weapons.  
• JSC Innovation Weapons Technologies develops intelligent automated thermal imaging sights and surveillance systems.
• Joint Stock Company Scientific Research Institute of Mechanization of Krasnoarmeysk  is involved in the preparation of explosive materials, including technology and equipment for ammunition ordnance.
• Limited Liability Company Pointer  imports rifle sights used by Russian snipers. 
• Limited Liability Company Scientific and Production Association Naukasoft  engineers navigation, control, and power systems for aircraft and develops systems for weapons development.
• Limited Liability Company United Lifesaving Technologies  makes protective transport packaging and protective cases and containers for weapons and equipment utilized by the Russian military. 
• Lipetskii Mekhanicheskii Zavod  manufactures military vehicles, including tactical combat vehicles and armored vehicles. 
• OKO Design Bureau  develops cheap multifunctional UAVs, including a one-way attack UAV. 
• Open Joint Stock Company Kazan Plant Electropribor  is an aviation equipment manufacturer whose partners include U.S.-designated Russian defense companies JSC Russian Helicopters and United Aircraft Corporation. 

The following Russia-based persons were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Bolkhovskii Zavod Poluprovodnikovykh Priborov  manufactures semiconductor devices, including semiconductor diodes intended for military use.
• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Construction Bureau Electrical Products XXI Century  designs, manufactures, and tests high-technology aviation products.
• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Fryazinskii Zavod Moshchnykh Tranzistorov manufactures semiconductor devices, including special-purpose equipment for use in Russian weapons systems.
• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Proektno Konstruktorskoe Byuro Rio  designs automated communication complexes for Russian naval vessels.
• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Pyezo manufactures military and dual-use semiconductors and electronic components.
• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Zavod Proton  develops and produces radioelectronic equipment for military projects.
• Alexander Electric Don manufactures military filtration modules.
• Alexander Electric Power Supplies  is a Russian Ministry of Defense partner that manufactures electric motors, generators, and transformers.
• Carbonim Engineering Limited Liability Company  manufactures fiberglass, carbon fiberglass, and plastic products.
• Diagnostika M LLC  develops and produces technology used for detecting UAVs and various types of explosives.
• Federal Research and Production Center Joint Stock Company Research and Production Association Mars  manufactures electronics and creates computer systems for the Russian Navy.
• Intellektualnye Sistemy NN Limited Liability Company manufactures laser optical elements for military applications.
• Joint Stock Company Elecond manufactures semiconductor capacitors marketed to the Russian military-industrial base.
• Joint Stock Company Electroavtomatika  manufactures command and staff vehicles, power plants, and movable battery stations and chargers for the Russian Ministry of Defense.
• Joint Stock Company Jupiter Plant  designs and produces optical and optical-electronic devices, precise optical and mechanical components, night vision devices, micro-optics, and aiming sights for the Russian Ministry of Defense.
• Joint Stock Company Manel  is a manufacturing company that develops micro-arc oxidation technology.
• Joint Stock Company Memotherm MM  manufactures cable fittings including drops, tubes, sleeves, couplings, and seals with military applications.
• Joint Stock Company Research and Production Enterprise Izmeritel  develops and produces onboard control and flight data registration units, indication systems for navigation, system control and regulation units for aircraft and helicopters, and control systems for unmanned aircraft.
• Joint Stock Company Special Design Bureau of the Cable Industry manufactures wires and cables for electronic equipment capable of operation in extreme conditions used by Russia’s military-industrial base.
• Joint Stock Company Umirs  develops radar protection devices for UAVs.
• Joint Stock Company Vladimir Plant of Metal Hoses  manufactures high-pressure corrugated metal hoses and bellow expansion joints and supplies special-purpose products to the Russian Ministry of Defense.
• JSC Biograd  produces industrial metal 3D printing machines.
• JSC Vladimir Plant of Precision Alloys  manufactures high-precision alloys.
• Lasercut Limited Liability Company manufactures machine tools and is a partner of Rostec. 
• Lassard  produces lasers and optomechanical products, and partners with other companies developing engines for military aviation and the Russian Navy.
• Laticom LTD (Laticom) manufactures metalworking machinery and tools for soldering, brazing, and welding.
• Lazerbi develops and manufactures laser equipment for metalworking and machine tools. Lazerbi partners with at least one entity engaged in production for military customers.
• Limited Liability Company Conferum  develops and manufactures industrial cleaning products used by mechanical engineering enterprises, in metallurgy, construction, shipbuilding, and in automotive, aviation, and railway transport.
• Limited Liability Company Eliars  develops and manufactures microwave equipment and produces electronic warfare systems.
• Limited Liability Company Hotu Tent  manufactures thermal imaging detection protection products used by the Russian military.
• Limited Liability Company K.ARMA  manufactures products for the modernization of firearms that are used by the Russian military.
• Limited Liability Company Laserform manufactures and supplies metalworking and laser equipment to large Russian state-owned conglomerates.
• Limited Liability Company Lencabel  manufactures flexible power cables for harsh operating conditions, including for use in UAVs and balloons.
• Limited Liability Company Newton Technics  produces specialized chemicals for cleaning firearms.
• Limited Liability Company Quantum Optics  develops and produces laser devices and systems for use in harsh conditions, including in UAVs.
• Limited Liability Company Radioizmereniya  produces and supplies radio devices.
• Limited Liability Company Srednevolzhsky Stankozavod  produces ultraprecision lathes and metal-forming machinery.
• Limited Liability Company Trading and Production Complex Maximum  manufactures drive, lifting, and transport equipment, including gearboxes, gear motors, overhead cranes, cantilever cranes, hoists, and winches.
• Limited Liability Company Unique Lab  produces chemical products with nanotechnological properties, and develops, tests, and produces chemicals for small arms.
• Limited Liability Company Virsemi  develops and produces epoxy material for the semiconductor industry.
• Limited Liability Company World of Fasteners TD  supplies and manufactures fasteners and tools for the construction and manufacturing industries.
• LLC Inno Beton 21  manufactures concrete cloths that are used for the efficient laying of concrete coatings for industrial, military, and road transport construction.
• LLC Mospress  manufactures metal parts, drawing and stamping equipment, and equipment for rotary drawing of parts.  
• LLC Zavod Spetsagregat  manufactures multipurpose vehicles, tractor-based machinery, and aircraft maintenance equipment and works with the Russian Ministry of Defense to fulfill state defense orders.
• Magneton Joint Stock Company manufactures electronic components and semiconductors to support Russia’s military programs.
• Manufacturing Company LTD Lema  develops and manufactures radioelectronic products.
• Meridian Research and Production Firm JSC  researches, develops, and produces ship and vessel systems, including warship integrated combat management systems, ship weapon joint employment systems, and automated helicopter UAV group flight and landing control systems.
• Metma Metal and Ceramic Materials Plant JSC  produces anti-corrosive bearings and bushes made of powder composition materials, and is a supplier for U.S.-designated Russian defense companies Kamaz and JSC Russian Helicopters.
• MMP Irbis designs, develops, and supplies power electronics devices that meet Russian military requirements.
• OOO Gikel  manufactures printed circuit boards, electronic components, finished electronic modules, and secondary power adapters for military use.
• Otkrytoe Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Vserossiiskii Nauchno Issledovatelskii Proektno Konstruktorskii i Tekhnologicheskii Institut Kabelnoi Promyshlennosti manufactures wires and cables for electronic equipment and holds a license for producing military equipment.
• Public Joint Stock Company Avtodizel Yaroslavl Motor Plant manufactures diesel engines, including engines supplied to the Russian Army.
• The Group of Companies Electroninvest Joint Stock Company manufactures electronic components and is a partner of the Russian Ministry of Defense.
• Treal M Limited Liability Company  produces chemicals for cleaning weapons.
• Unified Metalworking Center  manufactures metal products including hydraulic pneumatic power equipment, pumps and compressors, fluid power equipment, and air and gas compressors.

The following Russia-based persons were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Konstruktorskoe Byuro Farvater develops and designs software and modules for radioelectronic, fiber-optic, and radio-photonic equipment.
• Inkotekh supplies electronic components, functional units for microwave equipment, and printed circuit boards.
• Nauchno Proizvodstvennaya Firma Dolomant offers custom development and contract electronics manufacturing for niche markets like transportation and security.
• OOO Yupel supplies electronic components.
• Joint Stock Company IBS IT Services is a Russian information technology company that is the parent company of the IBS group of companies, which has a line of business focused on government programs and has completed a digitalization project for Rostec. Other companies in the IBS group of companies include Limited Liability Company IBS Infinisoft , a software company that creates products to help expand the capabilities of the Government of the Russian Federation; IBS Soft Ltd , a software company; and  IBS Expertise , a company involved in the provision of cryptographic solutions.
• LANIT Incorporated  (LANIT) is a Russian information technology company whose customers include the Russian Ministry of Defense and U.S.-designated military-industrial base entities such as Rostec and United Aircraft Corporation.  
• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu Filakskom  develops and implements information technology solutions for government and corporate customers. 
• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu Signum  is a computer programming company whose solutions are used by Russian defense enterprises.
• Orion Limited Liability Company  helps Russian government organizations modernize their information technology infrastructure, launch digital transformation processes, and implement import substitution projects.
• Public Joint Stock Company Astra Group is involved in software development and is the parent company of the developer of an operating system relied on by the Russian military-industrial base and Russian military. 
• Secret Technologies provides advanced information technology and information security services and solutions and serves large state-owned enterprises.
• Limited Liability Company Skala R  is the developer and manufacturer of a modular platform for government information systems.
• CSOFT Development  develops specialized software for the management of industrial enterprises, engineering analysis, and industrial construction.
• JSC Consulting Group Postprocessor implements integrated CAD products.
• Nauchno Inzhenernoe Predpriyatie Informatika provides computer-aided design solutions in mechanical and civil engineering and computer-aided manufacturing software for computer numerical control (CNC) machines.
• Purelogic develops electronics, automation systems, and components for CNC machines.
• Aladdin RD develops components for information security and data protection infrastructure and advertises its goods to the military-industrial base. 
• Alpha M Joint Stock Company Research and Production Complex  researches and produces radioelectronic products, including automatic tracking devices for ground, surface, and air targets.
• Arta System Limited develops special IT products for monitoring and managing technological processes and production complexes.
• Aviv LLC  supplies dual-use printed circuit boards, electronic components, secondary power adaptors, and electronic modules.
• Component Logistic Limited Liability Company  is a wholesaler of electronic equipment. 
• Cybersecurity Center LLC develops specialized software and services in the field of cybersecurity, including software products for cyber intelligence and data analytics.
• Elar has developed specialized technological systems for the Russian National Guard.
• Elektronnyi Arkhiv implements advanced solutions for digital transformation and is focused on the development and supply of import-substituting digitization technologies.
• Hardberry Limited Liability Company hold patents for UAV control software and neural network software for object recognition.
• IVK Joint Stock Company develops and produces software and hardware for firewall and cryptographic use.
• Joint Stock Company Integral Zapad supplies electronic components. 
• Joint Stock Company Ramec VS  is a system integrator that designs, develops, tests, and produces special computer equipment and information security products government use.
• Joint Stock Company RM Technologies  ( RM Technologies ) develops and manufactures digital security and information preservation products. RM Technologies is also involved in the modernization of Russian anti-UAV systems.
• Joint Stock Company Sea Project develops software and hardware complexes, electronics, and software and informational support for military facilities.
• K Technologies Joint Stock Company offers integrated automated control systems, command centers, and information security systems.
• Limited Liability Company MIRP Intellectual Systems specializes in artificial intelligence and has developed software designed for use on specialized UAV on-board computers. 
• Limited Liability Company Protey Spetstekhnika  develops and produces telecommunication systems for the Russian Ministry of Defense.
• Limited Liability Company Vipaks+ develops and produces intelligent video surveillance systems.
• Mezhdunarodnyi Klub OpticheskikhInnovatsii focuses on high-tech optical equipment, including high-speed imaging, industrial cameras and vision components, optical measurement systems, and laser sensors. 
• Aleksei Vladimirovich Pankrashkin is a director of a Russia-based company supplying laser and LED radiation sources and has served as the General Director and shareholder of U.S.-designated Russian technology company  Intech Engineering LTD .
• Red Dolphin Joint Stock Company   develops and manufactures rugged electronics for severe environments, including for military installations.
• Scientific Equipment Group of Companies provides high-tech equipment to industrial enterprises. 
• Smart Turbo Technology LTD develops custom software, including analytics software products marketed to Russia’s military industrial base.
• Susu Computer Engineering Center provides a full range of engineering services using a combination of computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and computer-aided engineering (CAE) solutions.
• SWD Embedded Systems develops software products, including an artificial intelligence platform and a cartographic system. 

The following Russia-based persons were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the transportation sector of the Russian Federation economy:

FPK Transagency JSC  provides railway transportation services for the transportation of military cargo and military equipment.

Limited Liability Company Eastern Trading Transport Company  transports military equipment. 

• Limited Liability Company Reil Trein Service provides railway transportation services for the transportation of military equipment. 

ANNEX 3: NITROCELLULOSE

PRC-based Hengshui Heshuo Cellulose Co., Ltd.  (Hengshui Heshuo) has shipped large quantities of nitrocellulose to Russian companies. The company also produces nitrocellulose shipped by Hengshui Yuanchem. PRC-based Hengshui Yuanchem Trading Limited  (Hengshui Yuanchem) has shipped large quantities of nitrocellulose to Russian companies, including nitrocellulose produced by Hengshui Heshuo. Henshui Heshuo and Hengshui Yuanchem were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Russia-based AMS Group LLC (AMS) is a supplier of industrial chemical products, including cotton cellulose. AMS works with Russian defense enterprises such as U.S.-designated Russian explosive and ammunition manufacturer Kazanskii Gosudarstvennyi Kazennyi Porokhovoi Zavod (Kazan Gunpowder Plant). AMS is a major importer of nitrocellulose to Russia, including from east Asia, Europe, and Central Asia. AMS was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy. 

Russia-based Feniks is involved in construction, demolition, and excavation, and is an importer of cotton pulp, a crucial ingredient in nitrocellulose, from Central Asia. Feniks was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the construction sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Russia-based transportation, warehousing, and cargo handling company Khimtreid imports cotton cellulose from Central Asia and has sold it to Russian military factories. Khimtreid was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the transportation sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Russia-based chemical product manufacturer LTD Bina Group (Bina) imports cotton pulp from Central Asia and east Asia and resells it to Russian military companies. Bina was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Russia-based chemical and chemical product manufacturer Limited Liability Company Biya Khim (Biya Khim) imports significant quantities of cotton pulp from Central Asia and Türkiye. Biya Khim was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Russia-based Limited Liability Company Lenakhim (Lenakhim) operates in the market for the production of chemical reagents. Lenakhim imports cotton pulp and cotton cellulose from Central Asia and Türkiye and sells it to Russian military factories involved in the production of explosives. Lenakhim is one of the main suppliers of the U.S.-designated Kazan Gunpowder Plant. Lenakhim was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Russia-based Limited Liability Company Navimaks Group (Navimaks) supplies cotton pulp and other products to Russian defense industry and other Russian manufacturers. Navikmaks imports cotton pulp from Central Asia, Europe, and east Asia. Navimaks was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy. 

Russia-based electrical, industrial, and ventilation equipment manufacturer Limited Liability Company Yarspetspostavka  (Yarspetspostavka) also imports cotton pulp from Central Asia. Yarspetspostavka was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy. 

Russia-based paper and textile manufacturer Otradnenskaya Paper and Carton Factory Limited Liability Company  (OPCF) imports cotton pulp from Central Asia. OPCF was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy. 

Russia-basedmanufacturing company Print Kolor is among Russia’s largest importers of nitrocellulose. Print Kolor was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Russia-based mining and quarrying company Proizvodstvenno Kommercheskaya Kompaniya Viva (Viva) imports large quantities of cotton pulp from Central Asia, east Asia, and the Middle East. Viva was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the metals and mining sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Russia-based manufacturing company Limited Liability Company Stroytekhnologiya  (Stroytekhnologiya) is among Russia’s largest importers of nitrocellulose. Stroytekhnologiya was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy.

ANNEX 4: RUSSIA’S CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS PROGRAM PROCUREMENT

Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Rau Farm ( Rau Farm ), with Inteller LLC ( Inteller ) acting as an intermediary, has procured sensitive laboratory equipment for the benefit of the U.S.-designated  27th Scientific Center . Rau Farm, with Inteller acting as an intermediary, maintained contracts with an entity associated with Russia’s chemical and biological weapons program, for the procurement of this equipment for the benefit of the 27th Scientific Center. Rau Farm historically maintained direct government contracts with the U.S.-designated 27th Scientific Center for the procurement of U.S.- and Japanese-origin laboratory equipment and consumables. The 27th Scientific Center has engaged in activities to develop Russia’s chemical weapons capabilities, including chemical weapons research and testing activities. Rau Farm was added to the Department of Commerce’s Entity List on March 2, 2021, based on its proliferation activities in support of Russia’s weapons of mass destruction program.

Rau Farm was designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 for having provided, or attempted to provide, financial, material, technological or other support for, or goods or services in support of, the 27th Scientific Center. Inteller was designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 for having provided, or attempted to provide, financial, material, technological or other support for, or goods or services in support of, Rau Farm. Rau Farm and Inteller were also designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Andrei Viktorovich Gavryuchenkov ( Gavryuchenkov ) serves as the General Director of Rau Farm. Gavryuchenkov is responsible for the day-to-day responsibilities of running Rau Farm.

Gavryuchenkov was designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 for having provided, or attempted to provide, financial, material, technological or other support for, or goods or services in support of, Rau Farm. Gavryuchenkov was also designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Yaroslav Viktorovich Bulygin ( Bulygin ) serves as the General Director of Inteller. Bulygin is also the 100 percent shareholder of the company. Bulygin is responsible for the day-to-day responsibilities of running Inteller.

Bulygin was designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 for having provided, or attempted to provide, financial, material, technological or other support for, or goods or services in support of, Inteller. Bulygin was also designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Obshchestvo S Organichennoi Otvetstvennostyu Bio Farm Treid (Bio Farm Treid) is managed by Gavryuchenkov, who incorporated the company in May 2021, soon after the March 2021 listing of Rau Farm on the Department of Commerce’s Entity List, in a likely circumvention effort.

Bio Farm Treid was designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 for being owned or controlled by, or acting or purporting to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Gavryuchenkov. Bio Farm Treid was also designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly Gavryuchenkov.

SANCTIONS IMPLICATIONS

As a result of today’s action, all property and interests in property of the persons above that are in the United States or in the possession or control of U.S. persons are blocked and must be reported to OFAC. In addition, any entities that are owned, directly or indirectly, 50 percent or more by one or more blocked persons are also blocked. All transactions by U.S. persons or within (or transiting) the United States that involve any property or interests in property of designated or blocked persons are prohibited unless authorized by a general or specific license issued by OFAC, or exempt. These prohibitions include the making of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services by, to, or for the benefit of any blocked person and the receipt of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services from any such person. 

In addition, foreign financial institutions that conduct or facilitate significant transactions or provide any service involving Russia’s military-industrial base run the risk of being sanctioned by OFAC. Examples of activities that could expose foreign financial institutions to sanctions risk under E.O. 14024, as amended, include maintaining accounts, transferring funds, or providing other financial services (i.e., payment processing, trade finance, insurance) for any persons designated for operating or having operated in the specified sectors, or for any persons, either inside or outside Russia, that support Russia’s military-industrial base, including those that operate in the specified sectors of the Russian Federation economy. For additional guidance, please see the  December 22, 2023 OFAC Sanctions Advisory as well as OFAC Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)  1146-1157 .

The power and integrity of OFAC sanctions derive not only from OFAC’s ability to designate and add persons to the SDN List, but also from its willingness to remove persons from the SDN List consistent with the law. The ultimate goal of sanctions is not to punish, but to bring about a positive change in behavior. For information concerning the process for seeking removal from an OFAC list, including the SDN List, please refer to  OFAC’s FAQ 897 here.  For detailed information on the process to submit a request for  removal from an OFAC sanctions list, please click here.

For identifying information on the individuals and entities sanctioned today, click here.  

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Targeting Russia’s Senior Officials, Defense Industrial Base, and Human Rights Abusers

Office of the Spokesperson

September 15, 2022

The Department of State is taking additional actions to impose cost on Russia for its heinous aggression against Ukraine. Today’s actions also further align with those taken by our allies and partners.

RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

MAXIM STANISLAVOVICH ORESHKIN is being designated pursuant to Executive Order (E.O.) 14024 Section 1(a)(iii)(A) because he is a leader, official, senior executive officer, or member of the board of directors of the Government of the Russian Federation.

OFFICIALS INVOLVED IN THEFT OF UKRAINIAN GRAIN ON BEHALF OF RUSSIA

The following five persons have been identified as supporting or enabling the theft of Ukraine’s grain. These individuals are being designated pursuant to Section 1(a)(ii)(F) of E.O. 14024 for being responsible for or complicit in, or for having directly or indirectly engaged or attempted to engage in, activities that undermine the peace, security, political stability, or territorial integrity of the United States, its allies, or its partners, for or on behalf of, or for the benefit of, directly or indirectly, the Government of the Russian Federation:

• YEVHEN VITALIIOVYCH BALYTSKYI was appointed head of the Zaporizhzhia military-civilian administration by the Government of Russia and oversees the seizure of Ukrainian grain from the Zaporizhzhia Region.
• ANDRIY LEONIDOVICH SIGUTA was appointed head of the military-civilian administration of the Melitopol District by the Government of Russia and oversees the seizure of Ukrainian grain from Melitopol.
• ANTON VIKTOROVICH KOLTSOV was appointed head of the military-civilian government in the Zaporizhzhia Region and oversees the theft of Ukrainian grain.
• OLEKSANDR FEDOROVYCH SAULENKO was appointed mayor of Berdyansk by the Government of Russia and has overseen the theft of hundreds of thousands of tons of Ukrainian grain through the port of Berdyansk.
• VALERY MYKHAILOVYCH PAKHNYTS was appointed head of the Starobilsk District of the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic by the Government of Russia and oversees the theft of Ukrainian grain.

INDIVIDUALS OPERATING ON BEHALF OF RUSSIA IN UKRAINE

The following persons are being designated pursuant to Section 1(a)(ii)(F) of E.O. 14024 for being responsible for or complicit in, or for having directly or indirectly engaged or attempted to engage in, activities that undermine the peace, security, political stability, or territorial integrity of the United States, its allies, or its partners, for or on behalf of, or for the benefit of, directly or indirectly, the Government of the Russian Federation:

• VOLODYMYR VALERIYOVYCH ROGOV was appointed head of the military-civilian administration in the Zaporizhzhia Region by the Government of Russia.
• VOLODYMYR VOLODYMYROVICH BANDURA defected from his role as Svyatohirsk’s mayor to support its occupation by Russia’s military and was appointed city administrator by pro-Russia separatists.
• MIKHAIL LEONIDOVICH RODIKOV was appointed head of the Ministry of Education and Science of the occupational government in the Kherson Region.
• VLADIMIR ALEKSANDROVICH BESPALOV was appointed Deputy Head of the occupation government in Kherson.
• PAVLO IHOROVYCH FILIPCHUK was appointed head of the city of Kahovka by Russia’s forces.
• TETYANA YURIIVNA TUMILINA was appointed rector of Kherson State University with the help of Russia’s forces.
• HENNADIY OLEKSANDROVYCH SHELESTENKO was appointed member of the military-civilian administration in the Kherson Region.
• OLEKSANDR YURIYOVYCH KOBETS was appointed mayor of Kherson by Russia’s forces.
• IHOR IHOROVYCH SEMENCHEV is a member of the previously designated Salvation Committee for Peace and Order.
• TETYANA OLEKSANDRIVNA KUZ’MYCH was appointed head of the Department of Education and Science under the Russia-controlled government of Kherson.
• SERHIY MYKOLAYOVYCH CHEREVKO is a creator and member of the previously designated Salvation Committee for Peace and Order.
• ANDREY DMITRIEVICH KOZENKO was appointed deputy head of the Zaporizhzhia military-civilian administration.
• OLEKSIY SERGEEVICH SELIVANOV was appointed Deputy Head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Zaporizhzhia Region.
• ANTON ROBERTOVICH TITSKIY is the Russia-appointed Minister of Youth Policy under the military-civilian administration in the Zaporizhzhia Region.
• ANDRIY YURIOVYCH TROFIMOV was appointed deputy head of the Russia-controlled military-civilian administration in the Zaporizhzhia Region.
• MYKYTA IVANOVICH SAMOILENKO was appointed deputy mayor of Berdynask by pro-Russia forces.
• VIKTOR ANDRIYOVYCH EMELIANENKO was appointed deputy head of the Russia-controlled military-civilian administration in the Zaporizhzhia Region.

DEFENSE AND HIGH-TECHNOLOGY DESIGNATIONS

Promoting Accountability for Russia’s Abuses

The MAIN INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORATE (GRU) is a military intelligence agency of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces. Today, the GRU is being designated by the Department of State pursuant to E.O. 14024 Section 1(a)(i) for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy. The GRU was previously designated pursuant to E.O. 13694, as amended, in 2016; pursuant to Section 224 of the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act in 2018; and pursuant to E.O. 13382 in 2021.

Since the start of Russia’s further, full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Russia has engaged in systematic “filtration” operations and forced deportations in Russian-controlled and held areas of Ukraine. The GRU has been centrally involved in Russia’s filtration activities and forced deportation activities.

The unlawful transfer and deportation of protected persons is a grave breach of the Fourth Geneva Convention on the protection of civilians and is a war crime. Estimates from a variety of sources indicate that Russian authorities have interrogated, detained, and forcibly deported at least hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian citizens, including children, from their homes to Russia – often to isolated regions in the Far East.

Credible reports also indicate Russian authorities are deliberately separating Ukrainian children from their parents and abducting others from orphanages before putting them up for adoption inside Russia. Credible accounts indicate that the “filtering” process often involves beating and assaulting detained Ukrainian citizens, separating the families of Ukrainian citizens, seizing Ukrainian citizens’ identification documents, such as passports, and depriving detained Ukrainian citizens of basic necessities such as water and food for periods of time.

Credible reports also indicate that the filtration camps often have poor sanitation measures to protect the health of those being held there and that Ukrainian citizens have died in such camps because of a lack of access to medical care. There are also reports that Ukrainian citizens have been killed in Russia’s filtration camps.

Isolating High-Technology Industries That Contribute to Russia’s Defense Capabilities

U.S.-designated Russian President Vladimir Putin has for years focused on leveraging advanced science and technology to strengthen Russia’s defense capabilities – the same defense capabilities that the Russian Federation is using to attack Ukraine’s population centers and that have resulted in extraordinary suffering including the deaths of children. Today, the Department of State is also taking further action to degrade high-technology industries that support Putin’s war machine.

Military Space

The Department of State is designating three leading Russian military space entities that play central roles in strengthening Russia’s defense capabilities. Specifically, the following entities are being designated by the Department of State pursuant to E.O. 14024 Section 1(a)(i) for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• JOINT STOCK COMPANY ROSSIYSKIYE KOSMICHESKIYE SISTEMY (RUSSIAN SPACE SYSTEMS JSC) , a Russian space instrument building corporation, carries out activities to implement Russia’s state defense order. Russian Space Systems JSC is involved in Russia’s import substitution program in the context of Russia’s state defense order as well as associated space engineering activities. Russian Space Systems JSC has also been involved with Russian missile-related activities. As additional information, Russian Space Systems JSC has supported Russian government space systems that the Russian military uses to perpetrate its war against Ukraine.
• JSC ACADEMICIAN M. F. RESHETNEV INFORMATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS implements Russia’s state defense order and builds satellites to strengthen Russia’s defense capabilities. JSC Academician M. F. Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems has described its satellites and their associated systems as vital to Russia’s defense capabilities. As additional information, JSC Academician M. F. Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems has supported Russian government space systems that the Russian military uses to perpetrate its war against Ukraine.
• JOINT STOCK COMPANY RESEARCH AND PRODUCTION ASSOCIATION NAMED AFTER S. A. LAVOCHKINA specialists have been praised by Russian President Putin for their service in the development of Russia’s missile and space industry. Joint Stock Company Research and Production Association Named After S. A. Lavochkina produces space-related items for Russia’s Ministry of Defense. Joint Stock Company Research and Production Association Named After S. A. Lavochkina has also been involved in the development of missile defense and space-defense projects for the Russian Federation. As additional information, Joint Stock Company Research and Production Association Named After S. A. Lavochkina has supported Russian government space systems that the Russian military uses to perpetrate its war against Ukraine.

Advanced Technology

The Department of State is also taking further steps to isolate Russia’s advanced technology industries in order to limit the ability of key Russian entities to contribute to Russia’s defense industrial base. Specifically, the following entities are being designated by the Department of State pursuant to E.O. 14024 Section 1(a)(i) for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• MULTICLET CORPORATION is a Russian computational technology company that develops and produces computer processors, which are a type of technology. As additional information, Multiclet Corporation works directly with Russia’s defense sector.
• RZHANOV INSTITUTE OF SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS SIBERIAN BRANCH OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES is a Russian institute focused on microsensoric technologies and semiconductors, which are a type of technology. As additional information, Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences has participated in military robotics activities to benefit the Russian Ministry of Defense.
• JSC MOSCOW CENTER OF SPARC TECHNOLOGIES is a Russian computers and microprocessors firm. JSC Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies computers are used in Russian weapon systems and JSC Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies is involved in the development of microprocessors and supercomputers for Russia’s Ministry of Defense. Computers, microprocessors, and supercomputers are types of technology.
• INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR QUANTUM OPTICS AND QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY (RUSSIAN QUANTUM CENTER) is a Russian science and technology center focused on the development of high-tech products based on quantum technologies.
• JSC ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGIES CENTER is a Russian integrator of additive technologies and is involved in implementing and using additive technologies. The Russian Ministry of Defense has described JSC Additive Technologies Center as involved in engine technology in Russia’s military-industrial complex.
• FEDERAL STATE FINANCED INSTITUTION OF SCIENCE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION SPECTROSCOPY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ACADEMY OF SCIENCES conducts activities related to analytical spectroscopy and its applications to technology control, nanotechnologies, and also develops new technologies.
• JOINT STOCK COMPANY RESEARCH CENTER ELINS undertakes the development of technologies for the Russian Federation’s Armed Forces.
• JOINT VENTURE QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES is involved in developing quantum technologies. Joint Venture Quantum Technologies is part of a consortium of Russian entities involved in Russia’s National Quantum Laboratory.
• JSC SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL CENTER ZASLON is involved in the development of technologies for the Russian Federation’s Armed Forces.
• FEDERAL STATE FINANCED INSTITUTION OF SCIENCE PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER A. F. IOFFE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ACADEMY OF SCIENCES describes itself as one of Russia’s largest institutions for research in physics and technology. A main research area for the Federal State Financed Institution of Science Physics and Technology Institute Named After A. F. Ioffe of the Russian Federation Academy of Sciences is semiconductors, which is a type of technology.
• JOINT STOCK COMPANY INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH VYCHISLITELNYKH KOMPLEKSOV NAMED AFTER M. A. KARTSEVA is a radio-electronic industry enterprise of the defense industry of Russia. Joint Stock Company Institute for Scientific Research Vychislitelnykh Kompleksov Named After M. A. Kartseva carries out research and development of basic technologies in the field of computer engineering.
• L. D. LANDAU INSTITUTE FOR THEORETICAL PHYSICS OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES has several areas of research including quantum computing, which is a type of technology.
• FEDERAL STATE FINANCED INSTITUTION OF SCIENCE PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER K. A. VALIEVA OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ’s areas of research include ion-beam technologies, micro and nanosystem technologies, and high-performance computing.

Electronics

Sophisticated electronics are used in numerous weapons systems operated by Russia’s military, and Putin has publicly stated his concerns about Russia’s access to microelectronics following the start of Russia’s further, full-scale invasion of Ukraine. To further increase pressure on Russia’s electronics sector, the Department of State is designating numerous advanced Russian electronics entities. Specifically, the following entities are being designated by the Department of State pursuant to E.O. 14024 Section 1(a)(i) for operating or having operated in the electronics sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• JOINT STOCK COMPANY INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ELEKTRONNOY TEKHNIKI is a Russian company that develops and produces electronics, including microelectronics and nanoelectronics. Joint Stock Company Institute for Scientific Research Elektronnoy Tekhniki electronic components are used in Russian weapons systems.
• JOINT STOCK COMPANY ANGSTREM is a Russian electronics entity that is involved in the design of microelectronics, including the design, development, and manufacture of semiconductors (semiconductors are used in the manufacture of electronic devices.) As additional information, Joint Stock Company Angstrem produces computer chips for a navigation system used by the Russian Ministry of Defense for guided missile targeting.
• FEDERAL STATE FINANCED INSTITUTION OF SCIENCE PHYSICAL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION NAMED AFTER P. N. LEBEDEVA OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ACADEMY OF SCIENCES engages in research and activities related to microelectronics, vacuum and plasma electronics, and optoelectronics. As additional information, Federal State Financed Institution of Science Physical Higher Education Institution Named After P. N. Lebedeva of the Russian Federation Academy of Sciences has conducted research related to weapons.
• BAIKAL ELECTRONICS JSC is a Russian electronics company that manufactures semiconductors and computer processors. Baikal Electronics JSC produces computer processors for the Russian military.
• LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY GROUP OF COMPANIES AKVARIUS (AQUARIUS) is a Russian electronics entity that manufactures more than 1 million electronic devices annually. As additional information, Limited Liability Company Group of Companies Akvarius has been involved in the development of secure smartphones for Russian military and intelligence personnel.
• LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY YADRO FAB DUBNA is a Russian electronics entity involved in the manufacture of electronic components. Limited Liability Company Yadro Fab Dubna is implementing a project to create Russia’s largest modern production plant for the production of circuit boards (circuit boards are a type of electronics).
• FEDERAL RESEARCH CENTER INSTITUTE OF APPLIED PHYSICS OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES conducts research related to high-power electronics, microwave electronics, and plasma electrodynamics.
• LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY KROKUS NANOELEKTRONIKA (CROCUS NANOELECTRONICS) is a Russian semiconductor manufacturer which specializes in semiconductor development, bio-electronic sensors, and semiconductor wafer processing.
• JOINT STOCK COMPANY ELEMENT is a Russian microelectronics entity that has a leading position in Russia’s microelectronic area in sales volume and technology.
• ELVEES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER JSC (JSC SPC ELVIS, JOINT STOCK COMPANY SCIENTIFIC AND PRODUCTION CENTER ELECTRONIC COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS) is a Russian electronics company involved in developing electronics components. As additional information, Elvees Research and Development Center JSC also produces a radar system for detecting and tracking airborne, ground, and surface targets.
• JOINT STOCK COMPANY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISE RADIOSVYAZ is a Russian electronics entity that designs and develops electronic equipment. As additional information, Joint Stock Company Research and Development Enterprise Radiosvyaz carries out activities for Russia’s Ministry of Defense.
• SPECIALIZED ENGINEERING AND DESIGN BUREAU OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS JOINT STOCK COMPANY is a Russian electronics entity that designs and produces semiconductor microelectronic products.
• JOINT STOCK COMPANY PRODUCTION ASSOCIATION SEVER is a Russian electronics entity that develops and manufactures a wide range of radio-electrotechnical products, including electric motors and other electrical products.
• JOINT STOCK COMPANY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISE SAPFIR conducts research and production related to semiconductor electronics and supplies microprocessors to the Government of the Russian Federation, including producing products for computer systems that are used on Russian missiles. Joint Stock Company Research and Development Enterprise Sapfir describes itself as a leading enterprise in the Russian defense industry.

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Russia-Related Designations and Designations Updates; Issuance of Russia-Related General Licenses and Related Frequently Asked Questions

Today, the Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is issuing Russia-Related General License 39 , General License 40 , General License 41, and  General License 42 . OFAC is also issuing Russia-Related  General License 43 . OFAC has published a Determination Pursuant to Section 1(a)(i) of Executive Order 14068 as well as  one new Frequently Asked Question and one amended Frequently Asked Question . 

In addition, the following names have been added or updated to or removed from OFAC's list of Specially Designated Nationals or updated on the Sectoral Sanctions Identifications (SSI) list:

The following deletions have been made to OFAC's SDN List:

BM BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY (a.k.a. AKTSIONERNOE OBSHCHESTVO BM BANK; f.k.a. AKTSIONERNY KOMMERCHESKI BANK BANK MOSKVY OTKRYTOE AKTSIONERNOE OBSCHCHESTVO; f.k.a. BANK MOSKVY PAO; f.k.a. BANK OF MOSCOW; a.k.a. BM BANK AO; a.k.a. BM BANK JSC; f.k.a. JOINT STOCK COMMERCIAL BANK - BANK OF MOSCOW OPEN JOINT STOCK COMPANY; a.k.a. PAO BM BANK), Bld 3 8/15, Rozhdestvenka St., Moscow 107996, Russia; SWIFT/BIC MOSWRUMM; Website www.bm.ru ; BIK (RU) 044525219; Executive Order 13662 Directive Determination - Subject to Directive 1; Secondary sanctions risk: Ukraine-/Russia-Related Sanctions Regulations, 31 CFR 589.201 and/or 589.209; Target Type Financial Institution; Government Gazette Number 29292940 (Russia); Registration Number 1027700159497 (Russia); All offices worldwide; for more information on directives, please visit the following link: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/ukraine.aspx#directives [UKRAINE-EO13662] [RUSSIA-EO14024] (Linked To: VTB BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY).    BM BANK JSC (a.k.a. AKTSIONERNOE OBSHCHESTVO BM BANK; f.k.a. AKTSIONERNY KOMMERCHESKI BANK BANK MOSKVY OTKRYTOE AKTSIONERNOE OBSCHCHESTVO; f.k.a. BANK MOSKVY PAO; f.k.a. BANK OF MOSCOW; a.k.a. BM BANK AO; a.k.a. BM BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY; f.k.a. JOINT STOCK COMMERCIAL BANK - BANK OF MOSCOW OPEN JOINT STOCK COMPANY; a.k.a. PAO BM BANK), Bld 3 8/15, Rozhdestvenka St., Moscow 107996, Russia; SWIFT/BIC MOSWRUMM; Website www.bm.ru ; BIK (RU) 044525219; Executive Order 13662 Directive Determination - Subject to Directive 1; Secondary sanctions risk: Ukraine-/Russia-Related Sanctions Regulations, 31 CFR 589.201 and/or 589.209; Target Type Financial Institution; Government Gazette Number 29292940 (Russia); Registration Number 1027700159497 (Russia); All offices worldwide; for more information on directives, please visit the following link: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/ukraine.aspx#directives [UKRAINE-EO13662] [RUSSIA-EO14024] (Linked To: VTB BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY).    BM BANK AO (a.k.a. AKTSIONERNOE OBSHCHESTVO BM BANK; f.k.a. AKTSIONERNY KOMMERCHESKI BANK BANK MOSKVY OTKRYTOE AKTSIONERNOE OBSCHCHESTVO; f.k.a. BANK MOSKVY PAO; f.k.a. BANK OF MOSCOW; a.k.a. BM BANK JSC; a.k.a. BM BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY; f.k.a. JOINT STOCK COMMERCIAL BANK - BANK OF MOSCOW OPEN JOINT STOCK COMPANY; a.k.a. PAO BM BANK), Bld 3 8/15, Rozhdestvenka St., Moscow 107996, Russia; SWIFT/BIC MOSWRUMM; Website www.bm.ru ; BIK (RU) 044525219; Executive Order 13662 Directive Determination - Subject to Directive 1; Secondary sanctions risk: Ukraine-/Russia-Related Sanctions Regulations, 31 CFR 589.201 and/or 589.209; Target Type Financial Institution; Government Gazette Number 29292940 (Russia); Registration Number 1027700159497 (Russia); All offices worldwide; for more information on directives, please visit the following link: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/ukraine.aspx#directives [UKRAINE-EO13662] [RUSSIA-EO14024] (Linked To: VTB BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY).    AKTSIONERNOE OBSHCHESTVO BM BANK (f.k.a. AKTSIONERNY KOMMERCHESKI BANK BANK MOSKVY OTKRYTOE AKTSIONERNOE OBSCHCHESTVO; f.k.a. BANK MOSKVY PAO; f.k.a. BANK OF MOSCOW; a.k.a. BM BANK AO; a.k.a. BM BANK JSC; a.k.a. BM BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY; f.k.a. JOINT STOCK COMMERCIAL BANK - BANK OF MOSCOW OPEN JOINT STOCK COMPANY; a.k.a. PAO BM BANK), Bld 3 8/15, Rozhdestvenka St., Moscow 107996, Russia; SWIFT/BIC MOSWRUMM; Website www.bm.ru ; BIK (RU) 044525219; Executive Order 13662 Directive Determination - Subject to Directive 1; Secondary sanctions risk: Ukraine-/Russia-Related Sanctions Regulations, 31 CFR 589.201 and/or 589.209; Target Type Financial Institution; Government Gazette Number 29292940 (Russia); Registration Number 1027700159497 (Russia); All offices worldwide; for more information on directives, please visit the following link: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/ukraine.aspx#directives [UKRAINE-EO13662] [RUSSIA-EO14024] (Linked To: VTB BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY).    PAO BM BANK (a.k.a. AKTSIONERNOE OBSHCHESTVO BM BANK; f.k.a. AKTSIONERNY KOMMERCHESKI BANK BANK MOSKVY OTKRYTOE AKTSIONERNOE OBSCHCHESTVO; f.k.a. BANK MOSKVY PAO; f.k.a. BANK OF MOSCOW; a.k.a. BM BANK AO; a.k.a. BM BANK JSC; a.k.a. BM BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY; f.k.a. JOINT STOCK COMMERCIAL BANK - BANK OF MOSCOW OPEN JOINT STOCK COMPANY), Bld 3 8/15, Rozhdestvenka St., Moscow 107996, Russia; SWIFT/BIC MOSWRUMM; Website www.bm.ru ; BIK (RU) 044525219; Executive Order 13662 Directive Determination - Subject to Directive 1; Secondary sanctions risk: Ukraine-/Russia-Related Sanctions Regulations, 31 CFR 589.201 and/or 589.209; Target Type Financial Institution; Government Gazette Number 29292940 (Russia); Registration Number 1027700159497 (Russia); All offices worldwide; for more information on directives, please visit the following link: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/ukraine.aspx#directives [UKRAINE-EO13662] [RUSSIA-EO14024] (Linked To: VTB BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY).    BANK MOSKVY PAO (a.k.a. AKTSIONERNOE OBSHCHESTVO BM BANK; f.k.a. AKTSIONERNY KOMMERCHESKI BANK BANK MOSKVY OTKRYTOE AKTSIONERNOE OBSCHCHESTVO; f.k.a. BANK OF MOSCOW; a.k.a. BM BANK AO; a.k.a. BM BANK JSC; a.k.a. BM BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY; f.k.a. JOINT STOCK COMMERCIAL BANK - BANK OF MOSCOW OPEN JOINT STOCK COMPANY; a.k.a. PAO BM BANK), Bld 3 8/15, Rozhdestvenka St., Moscow 107996, Russia; SWIFT/BIC MOSWRUMM; Website www.bm.ru ; BIK (RU) 044525219; Executive Order 13662 Directive Determination - Subject to Directive 1; Secondary sanctions risk: Ukraine-/Russia-Related Sanctions Regulations, 31 CFR 589.201 and/or 589.209; Target Type Financial Institution; Government Gazette Number 29292940 (Russia); Registration Number 1027700159497 (Russia); All offices worldwide; for more information on directives, please visit the following link: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/ukraine.aspx#directives [UKRAINE-EO13662] [RUSSIA-EO14024] (Linked To: VTB BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY).    BANK OF MOSCOW (a.k.a. AKTSIONERNOE OBSHCHESTVO BM BANK; f.k.a. AKTSIONERNY KOMMERCHESKI BANK BANK MOSKVY OTKRYTOE AKTSIONERNOE OBSCHCHESTVO; f.k.a. BANK MOSKVY PAO; a.k.a. BM BANK AO; a.k.a. BM BANK JSC; a.k.a. BM BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY; f.k.a. JOINT STOCK COMMERCIAL BANK - BANK OF MOSCOW OPEN JOINT STOCK COMPANY; a.k.a. PAO BM BANK), Bld 3 8/15, Rozhdestvenka St., Moscow 107996, Russia; SWIFT/BIC MOSWRUMM; Website www.bm.ru ; BIK (RU) 044525219; Executive Order 13662 Directive Determination - Subject to Directive 1; Secondary sanctions risk: Ukraine-/Russia-Related Sanctions Regulations, 31 CFR 589.201 and/or 589.209; Target Type Financial Institution; Government Gazette Number 29292940 (Russia); Registration Number 1027700159497 (Russia); All offices worldwide; for more information on directives, please visit the following link: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/ukraine.aspx#directives [UKRAINE-EO13662] [RUSSIA-EO14024] (Linked To: VTB BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY).    AKTSIONERNY KOMMERCHESKI BANK BANK MOSKVY OTKRYTOE AKTSIONERNOE OBSCHCHESTVO (a.k.a. AKTSIONERNOE OBSHCHESTVO BM BANK; f.k.a. BANK MOSKVY PAO; f.k.a. BANK OF MOSCOW; a.k.a. BM BANK AO; a.k.a. BM BANK JSC; a.k.a. BM BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY; f.k.a. JOINT STOCK COMMERCIAL BANK - BANK OF MOSCOW OPEN JOINT STOCK COMPANY; a.k.a. PAO BM BANK), Bld 3 8/15, Rozhdestvenka St., Moscow 107996, Russia; SWIFT/BIC MOSWRUMM; Website www.bm.ru ; BIK (RU) 044525219; Executive Order 13662 Directive Determination - Subject to Directive 1; Secondary sanctions risk: Ukraine-/Russia-Related Sanctions Regulations, 31 CFR 589.201 and/or 589.209; Target Type Financial Institution; Government Gazette Number 29292940 (Russia); Registration Number 1027700159497 (Russia); All offices worldwide; for more information on directives, please visit the following link: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/ukraine.aspx#directives [UKRAINE-EO13662] [RUSSIA-EO14024] (Linked To: VTB BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY).    JOINT STOCK COMMERCIAL BANK - BANK OF MOSCOW OPEN JOINT STOCK COMPANY (a.k.a. AKTSIONERNOE OBSHCHESTVO BM BANK; f.k.a. AKTSIONERNY KOMMERCHESKI BANK BANK MOSKVY OTKRYTOE AKTSIONERNOE OBSCHCHESTVO; f.k.a. BANK MOSKVY PAO; f.k.a. BANK OF MOSCOW; a.k.a. BM BANK AO; a.k.a. BM BANK JSC; a.k.a. BM BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY; a.k.a. PAO BM BANK), Bld 3 8/15, Rozhdestvenka St., Moscow 107996, Russia; SWIFT/BIC MOSWRUMM; Website www.bm.ru ; BIK (RU) 044525219; Executive Order 13662 Directive Determination - Subject to Directive 1; Secondary sanctions risk: Ukraine-/Russia-Related Sanctions Regulations, 31 CFR 589.201 and/or 589.209; Target Type Financial Institution; Government Gazette Number 29292940 (Russia); Registration Number 1027700159497 (Russia); All offices worldwide; for more information on directives, please visit the following link: https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/ukraine.aspx#directives [UKRAINE-EO13662] [RUSSIA-EO14024] (Linked To: VTB BANK PUBLIC JOINT STOCK COMPANY). 

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New research elucidates a master regulator of protein production

by Kimm Fesenmaier, California Institute of Technology

Proteins are among the most important molecular building blocks of life. They themselves are built from amino acids linked together based on the information in our genetic material. In this process, the genetic code is translated into a sequence of amino acids. However, this translation is only the first step. Often, special enzymes modify the new (nascent) proteins as they leave their cellular production site—the ribosome. Only after this can the proteins fulfill their diverse biological functions.

It has not been well understood how these enzymes work together to modify nascent proteins at the ribosome or how their activity is regulated and coordinated. Now an international team of researchers from Caltech, the University of Konstanz, and ETH Zurich has unraveled the complex molecular mechanism for two consecutive protein modifications that affect about 40% of all proteins in mammals. It turns out the star of the show, something of a molecular control hub, is a relatively small chaperone protein complex called NAC (nascent polypeptide-associated complex).

Without NAC, all sorts of stress responses are triggered, causing proteins to get misfolded or sent to the wrong locations in the body.

"The essential chaperone NAC has been involved or implicated in a myriad of processes. It has been difficult to understand why a single small protein complex that looks very simple would impact all of these different processes," says Shu-ou Shan, the Altair Professor of Chemistry at Caltech, executive officer for biochemistry and molecular biophysics, and corresponding author of a new paper describing the work.

"But now we're starting to see the full picture of NAC as a high-order master regulator of protein production in the cell. It has become clear that NAC's job is to recruit diverse biogenesis factors to the ribosome and pair them with the appropriate nascent proteins that are being synthesized."

The findings are published in the journal Nature .

Essential for normal cell function

In the new paper, the researchers focus on two modifications that NAC orchestrates—the removal of the first amino acid, methionine, from the growing protein, followed by the attachment of what is known as an acetyl group to the remaining end.

Both processes take place at the ribosomal tunnel exit, i.e., at the location where the proteins leave the ribosome as a growing chain of amino acids during synthesis. These modifications are essential for the majority of our proteins, as they influence multiple protein properties, such as their three-dimensional folding, lifespan, or interaction with other proteins, and thus the proper function of the proteins.

"A dysregulation of the processes involved in protein modification can have extremely negative consequences for the organism. It is associated with developmental disorders or diseases such as cancer and Parkinson's, for example," explains Elke Deuerling, professor of molecular microbiology at the University of Konstanz in Germany, and an author of the new paper.

The mechanism in detail

The time slot for the cleavage of methionine and the subsequent acetylation to occur smoothly is quite short. During this time, several enzymes must be brought to the right place and be regulated: MetAP1, which causes the cleavage of methionine, and NatA for the subsequent acetylation.

However, NatA is normally bound by an inhibitory protein, HYPK, which suppresses its function. By combining biochemical, structural, and in vivo experiments, the Caltech researchers and their collaborators have now succeeded in shedding light on how this complex process is controlled and how the macromolecules involved interact.

NAC is located at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel, where newly synthesized proteins emerge. From there, it recruits both MetAP1 and NatA and positions them with their biochemically active regions at the appropriate locations near the tunnel exit to access the nascent protein.

"In addition, NAC induces NatA to lose its inhibitory contact with HYPK. This ensures that NatA's function is only activated at the ribosome, where it can then mediate the desired acetylation," Shan says.

Shan's lab developed the tools that uncovered these essential roles of NAC in NatA function, providing the basis to further solve the structure of NAC bound to a ribosome with NatA and HYPK.

"Making synchronized ribosomes with a defined nascent chain length and composition and to have that in biophysical quantities is hard," Shan says. "My group has worked for many years to develop tools that allowed us to incorporate fluorescent dyes specifically into a nascent protein on the ribosome. That is how we detected interaction and recruitment of these enzymes."

Previous studies revealed that NAC also recruits other factors to the ribosomal tunnel besides the enzymes MetAP1 and NatA.

"We assume NAC has the function of an even more elaborate molecular control hub," says Martin Gamerdinger, co-author of the paper also from the University of Konstanz. "It ensures that the nascent proteins have access to different components of the cell's biochemical toolkit as they leave the ribosome , depending on the requirements."

The current study shows how NAC fulfills this important function in the specific case of methionine cleavage followed by an acetylation. It provides scientists with a clearer understanding of the way dysregulations of the components involved in the modification of proteins can lead to the development of disease. In the long term, this could function as a basis for the development of new therapeutic approaches in medicine.

Additional Caltech authors on the paper, "NAC guides a ribosomal multienzyme complex for nascent protein processing," are Alfred M. Lentzsch and Sowmya Chandrasekar. Denis Yudin, Alain Scaiola, Nenad Ban are co-authors from ETH Zurich.

Journal information: Nature

Provided by California Institute of Technology

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Research Process and Funding Opportunities at Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health

• Funding and Grants

Essential Science Conversations

August 2023

• Transcript (PDF, 107KB)
• Slides (PDF, 1.5MB)

The federal Advanced Research Projects Agencies include behavioral and social sciences research in their funding portfolios, yet many psychologists are unaware of the opportunities and know little about how the agencies work. Now is the time to learn more! APA, the Association for Psychological Science, and the Federation of Associations in Behavioral and Brain Sciences are teaming up to sponsor a series of three educational webinars to give psychological scientists the inside track on applying to these well-funded agencies. A new ARPA agency, Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H), has been established to support next-generation health research. There are similarities in these agencies’ application processes: research teams submit proposals in response to a posted research and development opportunity. The agency chooses which to fund. All successful projects must meet performance milestones for funding to continue. Join us for our third conversation focused on ARPA-H funding opportunities.

This program does not offer CE credit.

Presented in collaboration with

Association for psychological science, federation of associations in behavioral and brain sciences.

Tyler Best, PhD

Senior advisor, ARPA-H.

David Bowen, PhD

Roxane Cohen Silver, PhD

Professor of psychological science, public health, and medicine and vice provost for academic planning and institutional research at the University of California Irvine.

Juliane Baron, PhD

Executive director of Federation of Associations in Behavioral and Brain Sciences (FABBS).

Robert Gropp, PhD

Executive director of the Association for Psychological Science.

Mitch Prinstein, PhD

Chief Science Officer, APA.

More in this series

The number of publications among graduate school/faculty applicants, or among those applying for tenure and promotion seems to have increased considerably

September 18, 2024 Live Webinar

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May 2024 On Demand Webinar

Discussing AI's impact on psychological research: potential to replace human participants, unintended consequences, peer review challenges, and ethical considerations.

April 2024 On Demand Webinar

Panel discusses strategies to combat stigma across clinical, research, educational, and community settings.

March 2024 On Demand Webinar

• Case Report
• Open access
• Published: 31 August 2024

Multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: is there an association or a red flag? A case report and literature review

• Raseel Aljthalin 1 ,
• Rawan Albalawi 1 ,
• Atheer Alyahya 1 ,
• Rawabi Alhathlool 1 &
• Moustafa Alhashemi 1 , 2  

BMC Neurology volume  24 , Article number:  307 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that causes damage to the myelin and axons and is caused by genetic or environmental factors. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by rapidly progressive degeneration of the motor neurons resulting in the presence of upper and lower motor-neuron signs and symptoms.

Case presentation

A 46-year-old female patient presented with symmetrical weakness of the lower limbs and numbness that developed over weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain exhibited typical demyelination features, high signal abnormality involving the periventricular and subcortical white matter, and an oval-shaped lesion. The patient was diagnosed with MS based on the clinical presentation and radiological examination. However, there was rapid progression of the symptoms, involvement of bulbar dysfunction, and muscle atrophy. Furthermore, the patient did not respond to acute therapy and immunotherapy, which made the diagnosis of MS less likely or suggested that it could be associated with another diagnosis. Her neurophysiological test met the criteria of ALS, and she was started on riluzole.

Literature review

We reviewed all articles from 1986 to 2023, and there were 32 reported cases describing the co-occurrence of ALS and MS in different populations. Our case is the 33rd, and to our knowledge, it is the only case reported in the Middle East and specifically in Saudi Arabia. The main proposed mechanism according to postmortem examinations is a combination of degenerative and inflammatory processes with a cascade of production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, which lead to cell death and apoptosis during concomitant ALS with MS.

The co-occurrence of ALS and MS is extremely rare, but it can be explained by pathogenesis related to neurodegeneration, inflammation, or genetic susceptibility. Rapid progressive motor and bulbar symptoms could be red-flag symptoms, extensive evaluation might be needed for these patients.

Peer Review reports

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that causes damage to myelin and axons, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The autoimmune process in MS leads to the degeneration of myelin sheaths. Common presenting symptoms include sensory, motor, and vision issues, as well as imbalance [ 1 , 2 ].

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the brain and spinal cord, characterized by the presence of upper and lower motor neuron signs and symptoms [ 3 ]. ALS impacts bulbar, cervical, lumbosacral, and thoracic motor neurons [ 4 ].

Both MS and ALS can exhibit non-motor symptoms. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in ALS most commonly include depression and anxiety, while cognitive impairment may arise due to frontal lobe dysfunction. Executive dysfunction is frequently reported in ALS [ 5 ]. In contrast, cognitive issues in MS can result from cortical lesions that lead to gray matter atrophy, causing a variety of cognitive symptoms. Other non-motor symptoms in both conditions include fatigue, pain, pseudobulbar affect, sialorrhea, and autonomic dysfunction [ 4 ]. Notably, autonomic dysfunction in ALS is an independent factor contributing to disease progression and is associated with more rapid rates of motor functional decline and shorter survival [ 6 ].

The co-occurrence of MS and ALS is rare; however, the proposed link involves genetic factors and demyelination activity affecting axon cells alongside the degeneration of anterior horn cells, leading to programmed cell death [ 3 ]. Activation of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative processes due to environmental or genetic factors may explain the connection between these two diseases [ 7 , 8 ]. A notable case of co-occurrence involved a patient with ALS who exhibited features of MS, potentially driven by a hexanucleotide repeat expansion of C9ORF72 [ 1 ]. This case highlighted a challenging presentation of progressive bulbar symptoms, raising questions about whether the patient was experiencing a progressive form of MS or concomitant diseases.

We report on a middle-aged woman diagnosed with MS who was later found to have ALS, along with an overview of 32 additional cases and a description of the link between these two diseases.

The patient was a 46-year-old woman with a known case of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In April 2022, the patient started to have progressive symmetrical weakness of the lower limbs and numbness, which developed over weeks and was progressive in nature. She also started to have difficulty with walking and eventually required a wheelchair. She denied having any history of recent travel, raw-milk ingestion, vaccination, family history of the same presentation, illicit drug use, fever, or upper-respiratory-tract infection. She also denied having any gastrointestinal or genitourinary symptoms.

The patient was admitted to another facility, and the investigations performed included lumbar puncture and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. The MRI showed non-specific white-matter lesions, and the patient was diagnosed with demyelinating disease. She received pulse steroid therapy and was discharged, but there was minimal improvement regarding her muscle weakness after she went home.

In September 2022, her weakness progressed further with upper limb weakness, and she also developed difficulty in breathing and swallowing, along with worsening of her muscle weakness. Eventually, she was tracheostomized. During her admission to the other facility, she again received pulse steroid therapy, intravenous immunoglobulin, and one dose of ocrelizumab due to an impression of secondary progressive MS. Because she was not showing any improvement in functional status, she was eventually referred to our institution for further investigations and management (Fig. 1 ).

Timeline of the patient’s events

Clinical findings

The patient was on a mechanical ventilator with a trachea tube, nasogastric tube, and indwelling Foley catheter. She was awake, alert, and responding to commands. The results of cranial nerve examination were normal except for atrophy and fasciculation of the tongue with an exaggerated jaw reflex. Motor examination revealed atrophied thenar muscles, hypertonia of the upper limbs, and hypotonic lower limbs.

The Medical Research Council (MRC) grade of limb power for the upper limbs was + 2 for proximal muscles and + 3 distally at the level of the wrist and fingers. For the lower limbs, the MRC was + 2 proximally and + 1 distally at the level of the ankle, feet, and toes. The score for deep tendon reflexes was + 2 for the upper limbs with spreading reflexes, and the lower limbs were areflexic with mute plantar reflex, no clonus, and negative Hoffman sign. Sensory examination revealed decreased pinprick sensation and an absence of proprioception in the lower limb, and no sensory level was detected. The cerebellar examination was limited because of severe weakness.

Laboratory findings

The patient’s vitamin levels were all within normal limits, including vitamin B12 and its metabolites methylmalonic acid and homocysteine. The results of a thyroid function test including thyroid antibodies were normal. Her cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed a normal cell count, normal levels of glucose, protein, and lactate, negative culture results, and an oligoclonal band. Moreover, the results of serological and CSF tests for Campylobacter jejuni , cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Haemophilus influenzae infection were negative. Autoimmunological diagnostic including antinuclear antibody (ANA), complement fixing ANA (C-ANA), and perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) were negative, as were tests for coeliac disease (antigliadin antibodies and antitransglutaminase antibodies). Moreover, paraneoplastic antibodies were sent through the serum and CSF, and the result was negative.

Radiological features

Brain and spine MRI showed evidence of scattered foci of hyperintense T2/FLAIR signal abnormality involving the periventricular and subcortical white matter in both cerebral hemispheres with limited involvement of the corpus callosum. Some of these lesions appeared perpendicular to the lateral surface of the lateral ventricle and suggested a demyelinating process. There was no pathological enhancement suggesting active disease. Imaging of the cord demonstrated normal alignment of the vertebral bodies. We performed 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) whole-body positron emission tomography, which showed no detectable metabolically active lesions that could suggest malignancy in the rest of the scanned body. The MRI did not show the reason for rapid progression, and a diagnosis of MS was made based on radiological features (Fig. 2 ).

Axial and sagittal view of brain MRI showing scattered foci of hyperintense T2/FLAIR signal abnormality involving the periventricular and subcortical white matter in both cerebral hemispheres. Some of these lesions appeared perpendicular to the lateral surface of the lateral ventricle and suggested a demyelinating process

Electrophysiological diagnosis

Due to the presence of both upper and lower motor signs in examination, a nerve conduction study (NCS) and electromyography (EMG) were done. The motor NCS revealed that the right median to abductor pollicis brevis was absent, the right ulnar to abductor digiti minimi showed a very small compound motor action potential of 0.4 mV, the right tibial to adductor hallucis was absent, and so was the right peroneal to extensor digitorum brevis. The sensory NCS results were normal .

In EMG, three segments were sampled. In the bulbar segment, the right tongue showed features of active denervation (+ positive sharp waves and + fibrillations). The cervical segment (right deltoid, extensor digitorum communis, and biceps) showed features of active denervation (+ positive sharp waves and + fibrillations). The lumbar segment (right tibialis anterior and vastus medialis) showed features of active denervation (+ positive sharp waves and + fibrillations). These findings are compatible with widespread motor neuron disease (Fig. 3 ).

Nerve conduction study showing A very low compound motor action potential (CMAP) of right ulnar nerve responses, B absent CMAP of the left fibular nerve responses, and C , D normal sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) of upper and lower-limb sensory nerve stimulation sampled from the sural and median nerve. O: onset of the wave. P: peak of the wave. T: terminal part of the wave

The patient was diagnosed with MS and was managed based on the radiological features and clinical assessment. The rapid progression of the symptoms, involvement of bulbar dysfunction, and lack of response to acute therapy and immunotherapy made the diagnosis of MS less likely or suggested an association with another diagnosis. Clinical features and the results of the neurophysiological investigation met the El Escorial criteria for ALS. She was started on riluzole at 50 mg twice per day and was referred for multidisciplinary care.

The combination of MS and ALS is rare but can be explained by links between neurodegeneration, inflammation, and genetic susceptibility. In post-mortem pathological findings, demyelinating activity is observed, and degenerative processes of the anterior horn cells occur at multiple serial lumbosacral cord levels through an inflammatory cascade. This leads to the release of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, cell death, and apoptosis, which are observed concomitantly in ALS with MS [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. In a case series study by Ismail et al., the co-occurrence of MS in a patient with ALS was explained as being driven in some way by a hexanucleotide repeat expansion of C9ORF72. The study highlighted that more than 1% of patients with ALS may have a history of MS [ 8 ]. Fiondella et al. reported one case of heterozygous mutation in FUS exon 15 [ 1 ].

So far, there have been 32 reported cases of the co-occurrence of ALS and MS in different populations, which have mainly occurred in Europe and North America. Our case is the 33rd to be reported and is the only case to our knowledge that has occurred in the Middle East and specifically in Saudi Arabia. We reviewed all related articles from 1986 to 2023. Most of the cases were females (25 out of 33), and 8 were males. The mean age of the onset of ALS is 52 years with a range of 34 to 72 years. The mean age of the onset of MS is 41 years. In some studies, no autopsies or genetic tests were performed, but clinical examinations, radiological findings, and neurophysiological observations were consistent with MS and ALS.

In the different cases, patients were diagnosed with MS initially and were later diagnosed with late-onset or rapid-onset ALS. Autopsy has shown a loss of myelinated axons and neuronal loss with gliosis of the motor neuron cells [ 8 ]. Only 5 patients have been reported to be positive for C9orf72 out of the 33 cases reviewed, but genetic tests were not done in all cases. HLA genotyping performed on genomic DNA has also been studied, and three cases showed positivity for HLA-B*18:01A according to Dattola et al. This antigen could play an important role in activating both neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative processes [ 9 ]. Table 1 shows the characteristics and diagnostic information of the 33 cases (Figs. 4 and 5 ).

Illustration of the main characteristics of the 33 cases of MS with ALS from 1986 to 2023. There is a predominance of females (25 cases). The onset of MS occurs at an average age of 41 years, with late-onset ALS diagnosis occurring at the age of 52 years. C9orf72 was found in only 5 cases

Worldwide distributions of patients with co-occurring MS/ALS diagnoses

The co-occurrence of ALS and MS is extremely rare, but it can be explained by a mix of pathogenesis involving neurodegeneration, inflammation, and genetic susceptibility. Careful evaluation is needed for patients with rapid progressive motor and bulbar symptoms who are initially diagnosed with MS as this presentation could be a red flag. Extensive evaluation might be needed for these patients. To gain more understanding of the co-occurrence, pathological testing, genetic testing, and HLA genotyping should be considered for diagnosis.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

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Aljthalin, R., Albalawi, R., Alyahya, A. et al. Multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: is there an association or a red flag? A case report and literature review. BMC Neurol 24 , 307 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-024-03821-x

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Harvard’s Institute of Politics Announces Fall 2024 Resident Fellows

Introduction

CAMBRIDGE, MA - The Institute of Politics at Harvard Kennedy School today announced the appointment of six Resident Fellows who will join the IOP for the Fall 2024 semester. The fellows bring diverse experience in politics, elected office, polling, journalism, and economic development to address the challenges facing our country and world today.

"We are thrilled to welcome this Fall's cohort of Resident Fellows to Harvard to engage and collaborate with our students and community, and to get their thoughts and insight in the final few months of this year's historic election. Their diverse experiences will no doubt inspire our students to consider careers in public service and prepare them to provide essential political leadership in the months and years ahead," said IOP Director Setti Warren .

"We are excited to have such a remarkable group of Fellows at the IOP this Fall. They bring varied perspectives on how to best approach some of our country's most consequential challenges, and I am confident our students will gain important insight into the fields of politics, civic engagement, journalism, and more," said Michael Nutter , Chair of the Institute of Politics' Senior Advisory Committee, and former Mayor of Philadelphia.

"We are thrilled to welcome the incredibly accomplished members of the 2024 Fall Fellows Cohort as we begin the fall semester prior to the incredibly important U.S. election. As we close out the 'biggest election year in history,' our world remains in the throes of a major period of democratic backsliding. American voters, including many Harvard students, will once again face the possibility of reactionary backsliding and threats to fundamental rights. Closer to home, we are keenly aware of the threats to free speech on campus. While this semester will bring renewed challenges to and debates concerning those fundamental rights, we are hopeful that study groups will remain a source of vibrant, productive, and gratifying discussions on Harvard's campus. In that spirit, this semester's cohort of Fellows will bring in critical perspectives from the varied worlds of governing, policymaking, polling, reporting, and campaigning to equip students with the tools necessary to create a better tomorrow. We are confident that this cohort of Fellows will help this program to remain a bastion of freedom of speech and civil discourse on Harvard's campus," said Éamon ÓCearúil ‘25 and Summer Tan ‘26 , Co-Chairs of the Fellows and Study Groups Program at the Institute of Politics.

IOP Resident Fellows are fully engaged with the Harvard community. They reside on campus, mentor a cohort of undergraduate students, hold weekly office hours, and lead an eight-week, not-for-credit study group based on their experience and expertise.

Fall 2024 Resident Fellows:

• Betsy Ankney: Former Campaign Manager, Nikki Haley for President
• John Anzalone: One of the nation's top pollsters and strategists, and founder of Impact Research, a public opinion research and consulting firm
• Alejandra Y. Castillo: Former U.S. Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Economic Development
• Asa Hutchinson: Former Governor of Arkansas and 2024 Presidential Candidate
• Brett Rosenberg: Former Director for Strategic Planning, National Security Council and Deputy Special Coordinator for the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment, Department of State
• Eugene Scott: Host at Axios Live, and former reporter who has spent two decades covering politics at the local, national and international level, including at the Washington Post and CNN

Brief bios and quotes can be found below. Headshots are available upon request.

Betsy Ankney Ankney is a political strategist with over 15 years of experience on tough campaigns. She has been involved in campaigns and Super PACs at the national and state level and played a role in some of the biggest upsets in Republican politics. She has been an advisor to Ambassador Nikki Haley since 2021, serving as Executive Director for Stand for America PAC and most recently as Campaign Manager for Nikki Haley for President. After starting with zero dollars in the bank and 2% in the polls, the campaign defied the odds, raised $80 million, and Nikki Haley emerged as the strongest challenger to Donald Trump. Ankney served as the Political Director of the National Republican Senatorial Committee for the 2020 cycle. She advised senate campaigns across the country, working directly with candidates and their campaigns on budgets, messaging, and fundraising. Prior to her work at the NRSC, Ankney managed multiple statewide campaigns, including Bruce Rauner for Governor in Illinois and Ron Johnson for Senate in Wisconsin. For her work on Ron Johnson’s race, she was named “Campaign Manager of the Year” by the American Association of Political Consultants for 2016. Ankney got her start in politics at the 2008 Republican National Convention and served in various roles at the Republican National Committee as well as on multiple campaigns and outside efforts. She serves on the boards of The Campaign School at Yale and The American Association of Political Consultants. She is from Toledo, Ohio and attended Vanderbilt University.

"I am honored to be a part of the fantastic program at the Harvard Institute of Politics. As we enter the final stretch of one of the wildest and most unpredictable election cycles in modern history, I look forward to having conversations in real time about our political process, what to look for, and why it matters." – Betsy Ankney

John Anzalone Anzalone is one of the nation’s top pollsters and messaging strategists. He has spent decades working on some of the toughest political campaigns in modern history and helping private-sector clients navigate complex challenges. He has polled for the past four presidential races, most recently serving as chief pollster for President Joe Biden’s 2020 campaign. In that role, he helped develop the messaging and strategy that drove paid communications, major policy rollouts, speeches, and convention thematics. He has also polled for the campaigns of President Obama and Hillary Clinton, and has helped elect U.S. senators, governors, and dozens of members of Congress. Anzalone works with governors across the country, including current Governors Gretchen Whitmer (MI) and Roy Cooper (NC). He polls regularly for the Democratic National Committee, the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, Senate Majority PAC, and AARP. With more than 30 years of experience in message development and strategic execution, he has been called on by key decision-makers, executives, and CEOs to provide counsel in a changing world and marketplace. He has extensive experience using research and data to break down complex subjects into digestible messages that resonate with target audiences. He grew up in St. Joseph, Michigan, and graduated from Kalamazoo College in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He is married and has four children, two dogs, and lives in Watercolor, Florida.

"After a 40-year career in politics I am so excited to give back by sharing and mentoring politically active and curious students, but also to have an opportunity to learn from them myself. During the next three months we will be living the 2024 elections together in real time. There is nothing more exciting than that regardless of your political identity." – John Anzalone

Alejandra Y. Castillo The Honorable Alejandra Y. Castillo was nominated by President Biden and sworn in as U.S. Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Economic Development on August 13, 2021, becoming the first women of color to hold this position. Ms. Castillo led the Economic Development Administration (EDA) between August 2021-2024 through an unprecedented moment of growth and opportunity. As the only federal agency focused exclusively on economic development, she guided EDA’s the implementation of over $6.8 billion dollars in federal funding, powering EDA and its mission to make transformational placed-based investments to support inclusive and equitable economic growth across America. Spanning over two decades of public service and non-profit work, she has served in three Presidential administrations --Biden, Obama and Clinton. Her career has also included a drive to shattering glass ceilings and providing inspiration to multiple generations of diverse leaders. Castillo is an active member in various civic and professional organizations, including the Hispanic National Bar Association, the American Constitution Society, as well as the Council on Foreign Relations. Castillo holds a B.A. in Economics and Political Science from the State University of New York at Stony Brook; a M.A. in Public Policy from the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin; and a J.D. from American University, Washington College of Law. A native of Queens, NY., the daughter of immigrants from the Dominican Republic.

"I am excited to join this Fall semester IOP Fellowship class and have the opportunity to engage with students and faculty members across the University. The IOP fellowship presents a great forum to discuss and evaluate the future of U.S. industrial strategy and economic growth in light of the historic federal investments in place-based economic development during the last three years. I am honored to join my colleagues in making this an exciting and informative semester for students." – Alejandra Y. Castillo

Asa Hutchinson Governor Asa Hutchinson is a former Republican candidate for President of the United States. He served as the 46th Governor of the State of Arkansas and in his last election, he was re-elected with 65 percent of the vote, having received more votes than any other Republican candidate for governor in the State’s history. As a candidate for President, Hutchinson distinguished himself as an advocate for balancing the federal budget, energy production and enhanced border security. He also was a clear voice for the GOP to move away from the leadership of Donald Trump. Hutchinson’s time as governor is distinguished by his success in securing over $700 million per year in tax cuts, safeguarding the retirement pay of veterans from state income tax, shrinking the size of state government, creating over 100,000 new jobs and leading a national initiative to increase computer science education. The Governor’s career in public service began when President Ronald Reagan appointed him as the youngest U.S. Attorney in the nation for the Western District of Arkansas. In 1996, he won the first of three consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. During his third term in Congress, President George W. Bush appointed Governor Hutchinson to serve as Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration and later as the nation’s first Undersecretary of Homeland Security for Border Protection. He is a former Chairman of the National Governors. He grew up on a small farm near Gravette. He and his wife, Susan, have four children and seven grandchildren. Governor Hutchinson is currently CEO of Hutchinson Group LLC, a security consulting firm.

"After 8 years as Governor it is time to teach and mentor. I am honored to have the opportunity this fall to share my experiences and perspective but to also learn from the students and my colleagues who will also be resident fellows at the IOP. The timing is historic with our democracy facing a critical choice this fall as to the direction of our country." – Asa Hutchinson

Brett Rosenberg Rosenberg is a foreign policy expert who has served in the White House, Department of State, and Senate. During the Biden Administration, Rosenberg was the inaugural Deputy Special Coordinator for the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment, President Biden’s and the G7’s flagship program designed to meet infrastructure needs in low- and middle-income countries. At the White House, Rosenberg served on the National Security Council as Director for Strategic Planning, working on shaping and realizing approaches to issues spanning from international economics to Western Hemisphere engagement, as well as helping to write the National Security Strategy. Prior to her service in the Biden administration, Rosenberg was Associate Director of Policy for National Security Action, where she remains a senior advisor. Rosenberg began her career in Washington as a legislative aide to then-Senator Kamala Harris, where she advised the senator on a range of domestic and economic policy issues. Rosenberg is a Nonresident Scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and her writing has appeared in outlets including Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The New Republic, and McSweeneys. She received her A.B. in History from Harvard College and her PhD (DPhil) in International Relations from the University of Oxford, where she was a Rhodes Scholar.

"What a privilege it is to be part of this incredible community in this incredible moment. I can't wait to learn from the students, faculty, and other fellows as we dive in together to discuss some of the most pressing issues facing the United States and the world." – Brett Rosenberg

Eugene Scott Eugene Scott is a host at Axios Live, where he travels the country interviewing political and policy leaders. He was previously a senior political reporter for Axios covering 2024 swing voters and voting rights. An award-winning journalist, Scott has spent two decades covering politics at the local, national and international levels. He was recently a national political reporter at The Washington Post focused on identity politics and the 2022 midterm election. Following the 2020 presidential election, he hosted “The Next Four Years,” then Amazon’s top original podcast. He also contributed to “FOUR HUNDRED SOULS: A Community History of African America, 1619-2019,” which topped the New York Times’ bestseller list. In addition to writing, Scott has regularly provided political analysis on MSNBC, CBS and NPR. Scott was a Washington Correspondent for CNN Politics during the 2016 election. And he began his newspaper career at the Cape Argus in Cape Town, South Africa not long after beginning his journalism career with BET News’ “Teen Summit.” Scott received his master’s degree from Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government and his bachelor’s from the University of North Carolina Hussman School of Journalism and Media. He is a D.C. native and continues to live in the Nation’s Capital.

"Learning from and with the professionals that visited the IOP during my time on campus was one of the highlights of my time at the Kennedy School. I am eager to help lead students in understanding the press and this country as we navigate the final weeks of arguably the most consequential election of our time." – Eugene Scott

Additional information can be found here .

About the Institute of Politics Fellows Program The Institute of Politics at Harvard Kennedy School was established in 1966 as a living memorial to President John F. Kennedy. The Institute’s mission is to unite and engage students, particularly undergraduates, with academics, politicians, activists, and policymakers on a non-partisan basis to inspire them to pursue pathways in politics and public service. The Institute blends the academic with practical politics and offers students the opportunity to engage in current events and to acquire skills and perspectives that will assist in their postgraduate pathways.

The Fellows Program has stood as the cornerstone of the IOP, encouraging student interest in public service and increasing the interaction between the academic and political communities. Through the Fellows Program, the Institute aims to provide students with the opportunity to learn from experienced public servants, the space to engage in civil discourse, and the chance to acquire a more holistic and pragmatic view of our political world.

For more information on the fellowship program, including a full list of former fellows, visit: iop.harvard.edu