Improving sanitation in coastal communities with special reference to Puerto Princesa, Palawan Province, Philippines

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thesis on environmental sanitation

  • Navarro, Rachelle G.
  • Sheppard, Adrian (Supervisor)
  • The sanitary collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of human waste promotes health, improves the quality of the environment and thus, the quality of life in a community. Some poor communities in developing countries, rarely consider inadequate excreta disposal a problem. In absence of sanitation facilities, these communities rely on natural processes to dispose of their waste, wherein the practice of defecating in the open fields or on surface water is prevalent. In communities occupying coastal, waterfront and low-lying areas, human waste is directly disposed of into the surface water such as rivers, canals and sea or in the mudflat to await the tide. These surface waters, however, are often the communities' sources of food, and water for drinking, domestic and personal cleaning. Studies on sanitation show that contaminated water and human wastes are major factors in the transmission of serious diseases in the developing world. This thesis aims to contribute to the process of selecting appropriate sanitation technologies for the low-income coastal and waterfront communities. The thesis analyzes sanitation and environmental conditions in the coastal communities of Puerto Princesa, Palawan Province, Philippines, to identify the important considerations for the provision of sanitation systems in these communities and hence, determine the feasible sanitation options.
  • Sewage disposal -- Philippines -- Puerto Princesa
  • Sanitation -- Philippines -- Puerto Princesa
  • McGill University
  •  https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/z316q353c
  • All items in eScholarship@McGill are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated.
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CEU eTD Collection (2015); Mazanik, Anna: Sanitation, Urban Environment and the Politics of Public Health in Late Imperial Moscow

Author Mazanik, Anna
Title Sanitation, Urban Environment and the Politics of Public Health in Late Imperial Moscow
Summary The dissertation analyzes the activity of the late-imperial Moscow elites in the sphere of urban sanitation between the mid-1870s and 1905. The main research problems of the dissertation are: which motivations – political, scientific, social, or economic - were behind the sanitary reforms, who cared and why they cared and which shape their goals took in practice. Although in nineteenth-century Russia the emerging field of public health became a highly politicized subject, scholars have devoted little attention to the local politics of health and the use of medical sciences in the urban reforms.The goal of the dissertation thus is to bring the urban dimension to the history of late-imperial Russian medicine and public health, as well as the health dimension to the Russian urban history.
The thesis focuses on three aspects of urban health policies: the prevention of venereal disease; the regulation of slaughtering and meat production; the removal and treatment of urban wastes. It argues that Moscow’s project of sanitation implied both “serving the people” and disciplining them. The service to the urban community was expressed in applying scientific knowledge and the municipal resources to fight disease and provide medical assistance to those in need. The disciplinary mechanisms were introduced through imposing new norms of “healthy” and “civilized” behavior. At the same time, the dissertation emphasizes that the realization of these entangled processes was hindered by the social and political realities of the autocratic Russian Empire.
Supervisor Miller, Alexei
Department History PhD
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Howard University's News & Stories Hub

Her truth and service: a new book reimagines lucy diggs slowe.

In intimate journal entries, letters, and speeches, Slowe’s work in the book “Her Truth and Service” reveals the full identity of the trailblazing woman who changed Howard University forever.

Lucy Diggs Slowe

The name Lucy translates to “light” in Latin–a namesake carried by Howard alumna Lucy Diggs Slowe who changed the world.  

It is simply the life that she lived: pouring into women as the first Dean of Women for Howard University and the first president of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated; establishing the Shaw Junior High School; and teaching at Douglass High School in Baltimore.   

Amy Y. Quarkume’s book, “Her Truth and Service,” is a new collection of Slowe’s letters, essays, and speeches exploring the journey of building paths for Black women in higher education.  

“Her life is a compelling story to understand that we have more work to do,” Quarkume says. “She tried to push and pull herself and other Black women to be acknowledged in the American fabric.”   

The story of Lucy Diggs Slowe is one of metamorphosis, revelations, and profundity , ” 

Quarkume

Affectionately known as Dr. A, Quarkume, who dedicates the book to Slowe and the “many Black women and girls who continue her fight,” began her tenure at Howard University in August 2013; since then, her work has spanned different intersections of The Yard. 

Quarkume is an Africana studies associate professor and the director of student engagement at the University’s Center for Women, Gender, and Global Leadership. Her current research centers on the intersection between Africana Studies, environmental justice and artificial intelligence. 

The collection is an ode to Slowe’s self-determination despite a societal tendency to box women into narrow, one-sided identities. “There are too many of me for me to know each one,” Slowe once wrote to her housemate, Mary P. Burrill.   

Quarkume says that Slowe’s commitment to “raising the bar for Black women and the American identity” sparked ire, particularly from powerful men who attempted to halt Slowe’s perseverance. “Her intention was to disrupt the stronghold sexism held on distorting logic and reason,” Quarkume writes in the book’s intro.   

In an interview, Quarkume says “Her Truth and Service” allows readers to explore Slowe’s commitment to visibility.  

Read More about Dr. A's Work at Howard

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“As a Black woman, how do you make a pathway for you and your family when people don’t see or value you?” Quarkume asks. “What I love about this book is that you see a woman who enrolled and graduated from Howard and returned to Howard to be part of the future for Black women in higher education. Reading her thoughts, seeing how she pushed forward for Black women, is a story we should all honor.”  

The Blueprint Behind Slowe's Work

While Howard University catalyzed and incubated Slowe’s light, it also challenges it.   

The essays showcase both Slowe’s public and private thoughts: an unpublished 1930 “philosophy of life” map; her speech at the first-ever Howard Women’s Dinner in 1922; and a1925 letter acknowledging her $3,300 salary was $200 lesser than other University deans. ($3,300 in 1925 rounds out to approximately $59,000 today.)  

“She had the title of the Dean of Women at Howard, but there were many times where she’d walk into a room and there wouldn’t be a seat for her, her presence wasn’t always honored, but she kept on at it,” Quarkume says. “Knowing the boldness that it took her to even get that far, hopefully it will give us courage and understanding to how much work we have to do.”  

Quarkume praised the interdisciplinary, University-wide effort to create the Slowe’s collection. The Moorland-Spingarn Research Center granted Quarkume access to Slowe’s original works that were first donated by Morgan State University in 1966.   

“I’m very thankful to Moorland-Spingarn for keeping our history and allowing us to see our greatness over time,” Quarkume says. “Despite the cloud, AI, screenshots and other digital technologies we must   young generations should continue to physically document what they do whether it’s to preserve your humanity and tell your own story, to be saved later on it such achieves. At Howard, we have the medicine, law, political science, entertainment fields on our campus and that’s something so unique. We should embrace that more as we speak to, from, and for the Black world to the rest of the world.”   

Lucy Lives On

As she closes the work behind “Her Truth and Service,” Quarkume says there is still more to be done and hopes readers connect with Slowe’s perseverance. Quarkume hopes the book portrays Slowe’s namesake, acting as a light in the dark for those unsure on how to advance society and solve its issues.   

Slowe’s legacy lives on. Howard’s student body is now 70% female, over half of the University Deans are women. Slowe’s commitment to make Howard more inclusive for others constructed the seats in which Black women students sit today. “Her Truth and Service” reads as a transcript that helped materialize these opportunities.   

“The story of Lucy Diggs Slowe is one of metamorphosis, revelations, and profundity, on the part of the reader and the subject,” Quarkume writes in her introduction.”  

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NextEra Energy Partners: Massive 15% Yield And A Growing Dividend

Jonathan Weber profile picture

  • NextEra Energy Partners offers a high yield and has become more attractive due to declining interest rates.
  • NEP's financial health is solid, with a 15% EBITDA increase and a 10% rise in cash available for distribution, despite a small earnings miss.
  • The company increased its dividend, maintaining its growth track record, which could enhance investor trust and improve valuation.
  • Risks include political uncertainties, potential dividend growth cuts, and dependency on NextEra Energy, but NEP's 15% yield may appeal to enterprising investors.
  • Looking for a helping hand in the market? Members of Cash Flow Club get exclusive ideas and guidance to navigate any climate. Learn More »

A drone/aerial view of a wind farm of wind turbines sitting proud above the low lying mist on a winter

Justin Paget

Article Thesis

NextEra Energy Partners, LP ( NYSE: NEP ) is a high-yielding renewable energy business that has seen its shares decline in the recent past. Declining interest rates should help going forward, which is why shares could be attractive, although investors shouldn't ignore the risks.

Past Coverage

I have covered NextEra Energy Partners, LP in the past here on Seeking Alpha, with my most recent article being from April , where I gave NEP a Neutral rating, arguing that the yield was high but that there were also considerable risks. Since then, shares have declined by around 14%, making them cheaper and potentially less risky. The macro environment has changed as well, with treasury rates declining and with the Federal Reserve likely cutting interest rates in the coming quarters, which is good news for NEP. Last but not least, the company increased its dividend, which has lifted NEP's dividend yield to an even higher level. In this article, I'll focus on these items to see whether NEP is a more attractive investment now, relative to earlier this year.

Macro Environment: Declining Interest Rates

NextEra Energy Partners is sensitive to interest rate changes, due to two reasons. First, the company uses considerable leverage. This is, at least in theory, opportune for an asset-heavy company, but it also means that interest rate movements can impact profitability and cash flow considerably due to movements in the company's interest expense. Second, NextEra Energy Partners is an income investment, and investors' demand for income stocks such as NEP will, to some degree, depend on interest rates. When investors can get a high risk-free yield from treasuries, income stocks such as NEP become less attractive on a relative basis. When interest rates decline and treasuries and similar fixed-income investments offer lower returns, the attractiveness of income stocks such as NEP can increase.

The following chart shows the 10-year treasury rate over the last year:

10-year treasury yield

10-year treasury yield (Seeking Alpha)

We see that interest rates for treasuries have pulled back substantially over the last year, as the 10-year yield is at the lowest level over the last twelve months right now. Late in 2023, investors could get a yield of 5%, but that number has declined by more than 120 base points since then. The reasons for the decline in treasury rates we have seen over the last year, and especially since spring, include worries about an economic slowdown in the US, improving inflation data , and Federal Reserve statements (e.g. by Jerome Powell ) that indicate that the Federal Reserve will likely lower interest rates soon.

There is no guarantee that interest rates will head lower from here, but the market seems convinced that we have seen the peaks and that the Federal Reserve will become more dovish going forward. If the Federal Reserve cuts interest rates in the coming quarters -- the market is convinced that will happen, according to the CME Fed Watch tool -- that should be positive for NEP and other indebted companies.

NextEra Energy Partners: Results And Financial Health

NextEra Energy Partners reported a very small top-line miss of around 0.3% with its most recent quarterly earnings results , but that was not a major problem. Profits were lower than expected, with the miss versus expectations being way more pronounced compared to the revenue miss, as earnings per share were around 30% lower than forecasted.

For companies with large depreciation charges, which includes NextEra Energy Partners and many other infrastructure companies, net profits are not telling the whole story, however. Since depreciation is a non-cash item, cash flows can be substantially higher compared to net profits. It thus makes sense to look at other metrics on top of the earnings per share number when evaluating NextEra Energy Partners' results :

The company's EBITDA rose by a nice 15% year over year, climbing to $560 million. Cash available for distribution, which is usually calculated by adding funds from operations and non-recurring items and by subtracting capital expenditures afterward, came in at $220 million for the most recent quarter, which was up 10% compared to the previous year's quarter. That is, I believe, an attractive growth rate for an infrastructure player, and especially for one that is as cheap as NextEra Energy Partners.

NextEra Energy Partners' financial strength is important, as some investors fear about its debt load. During the second quarter, NEP paid back $49 million of principal, which was up from $40 million that were paid back in the previous year's quarter. Other metrics didn't look too bad, either. The company plans to end the year with an FFO to debt ratio of more than 15%, which would be an improvement versus 2023, when the reading stood at 14.6%. Likewise, the company plans to end the year with a debt to EBITDA ratio of less than 6.0. The ratio stood at 5.8, or just below 6.0, in 2023. While a debt to EBITDA ratio in the 5x to 6x range implies considerable leverage, NEP's leverage is not dramatically high, considering its long-lived assets with reliable cash flow generation.

NextEra Energy Partners: Even Higher Dividends

NextEra Energy Partners had to reduce its dividend growth guidance last year, which was ill-received by the market. But the company promised to keep the dividend growth story intact, just at a slower rate of 5% to 8% a year, versus a previous guidance of 12% to 15% annually. Recently, NextEra Energy Partners delivered on its goal to increase the dividend. The company announced a quarterly dividend of $0.905 per share, which is up from $0.8925 in the previous quarter. The increase came in at 1.4% sequentially, while the increase was 5.97%, or almost 6%, compared to one year earlier. This is in line with the 5% to 8% dividend growth forecast.

While there is no guarantee that NextEra Energy Partners will continue to deliver on its dividend growth goal, it is, I believe, a good sign that the dividend growth track record remains intact. NextEra Energy Partners has guided for a year-end dividend run rate of $3.73 per share (see Q2 earnings presentation linked above), which pencils out to $0.935 per share per quarter. There should thus be another dividend increase this year if management wants to hit its guidance. If the company were to fail to increase the dividend again later this year, the market would, I assume, react harshly, as that could be seen as sort of a broken promise. But if NEP continues to deliver on its dividend growth goal, it should be able to build some trust with investors, which could result in an improved valuation down the road.

Risks To Consider

NextEra Energy Partners is trading at a pretty low valuation, and there are some reasons for that. NEP is not a low-risk stock, I believe.

First, there are political risks. NextEra Energy Partners and other renewable energy companies depend on government support, supportive regulation, tax credits, and so on to some degree. With the result of the upcoming elections in the US being very uncertain for now, there is a level of uncertainty when it comes to government support for NEP and other renewable energy players in the future. It is possible that government support is scaled back in the future, which could hurt NEP's results.

Second, there is the risk that management will cut its dividend growth guidance again in the future. While I believe that even a flat dividend would be far from bad, considering the very high starting yield of 15%, the market would likely react negatively if NEP's management were to reduce dividend growth expectations again.

Third, with NextEra Energy Partners being highly dependent on NextEra Energy, which also owns a large portion of NEP, there is a risk of NextEra Energy Partners being acquired at a price that NEP's minority shareholders may not deem fair. I do not believe that this is particularly likely, but it's possible.

Is NEP A Good Investment?

Over the last couple of months, things moved in the right direction. NextEra Energy Partners' shares got cheaper, reducing risks. NEP also increased its dividend, boosting the dividend further and giving us an indication that management is serious about keeping the dividend growth track record intact. Interest rates have also been moving lower and are now at a 52-week low, which should be positive for a company with significant debt such as NextEra Energy Partners. With the Fed likely lowering interest rates substantially over the coming year, NEP could feel further tailwinds.

NextEra Energy Partners is far from risk-free, but for an enterprising investor looking for exposure to renewable energy infrastructure, 15%-yielding NEP could be worthy of a closer look.

Is This an Income Stream Which Induces Fear?

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This article was written by

Jonathan Weber profile picture

Jonathan Weber holds an engineering degree and has been active in the stock market and as a freelance analyst for many years. He has been sharing his research on Seeking Alpha since 2014. Jonathan’s primary focus is on value and income stocks but he covers growth occasionally.

He is a contributing author for the investing group Cash Flow Club where along with Darren McCammon, they focus on company cash flows and their access to capital. Core features include: access to the leader’s personal income portfolio targeting 6%+ yield, community chat, the “Best Opportunities” List, coverage of energy midstream, commercial mREITs, BDCs, and shipping sectors,, and transparency on performance. Learn More .

Analyst’s Disclosure: I/we have no stock, option or similar derivative position in any of the companies mentioned, and no plans to initiate any such positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.

Seeking Alpha's Disclosure: Past performance is no guarantee of future results. No recommendation or advice is being given as to whether any investment is suitable for a particular investor. Any views or opinions expressed above may not reflect those of Seeking Alpha as a whole. Seeking Alpha is not a licensed securities dealer, broker or US investment adviser or investment bank. Our analysts are third party authors that include both professional investors and individual investors who may not be licensed or certified by any institute or regulatory body.

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Sanitation, Urban Environment and the Politics of Public Health in Late Imperial Moscow

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Preeti Jajodia

thesis on environmental sanitation

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Thanks to the opening of archives and the forging of exchanges between Russian and Western scholars interested in the history of medicine, it is now possible to write new forms of social and political history in the Soviet medical field. Using the lenses of critical social histories of healthcare and medical science, and looking at both new material from Russian archives and interviews with those who experienced the Soviet health system, the contributors to this volume explore the ways experts and the Soviet state radically reshaped medical provision after the Revolution of 1917. Soviet Medicine presents the work of an international group of leading scholars. Twelve essays—treating subjects that span the 74-year history of the Soviet Union—cover such diverse topics as how epidemiologists handled plague on the Soviet borderlands in the revolutionary era, how venereologists fighting sexually transmitted disease struggled to preserve the patient’s right to secrecy, and how Soviet forensic experts falsified the evidence of the Katyn Forest massacre of 1940. This important volume demonstrates the crucial role played by medical science, practice, and culture in the shaping of a modern Soviet Union and illustrates how the study of Soviet medical history can benefit historians of medicine, science, the Soviet Union, and social and gender historians.

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In the second half of the 19th century olfactory perception and related ideas of sensibility were at the centre of public discussion, together with a broader problem of public health and urban sanitation. The explanatory model of miasmatic theory converted the olfactory dimension of routine into a series of symptoms which should be noticed, interpreted correctly and followed with sanitary measures. At the brink of a new bacteriological era in natural science, the sanitary approach to pathogeny brought about a reconsideration of the idea of sensibility and paved the way for the new sensory regimes which would emerge after Pasteur and Koch's discoveries had spread in the Western world. Since the cholera years of the 1820s, epidemics had reshaped key concepts of medicine (such as illness, health, contagion etc.) and thus were not only milestones for medical debates and sanitary congresses, but also influenced personal and public practices and perceptions. The paper describes discourses and practices called into being by the last plague of the pre-bacterial era, and traces conflicts it provoked.

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Download a branded Cambridge Journals Online toolbar (for IE 7 only). What is this? ... Add Cambridge Journals Online as a search option in your browser toolbar. What is this? ... The Hazards of Urban Life in Late Stalinist Russia: Health, Hygiene, and Living Standards, 1943–1953. By Donald Filtzer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pp. Xxx, 379. $110.00, cloth. ... The Hazards of Urban Life in Late Stalinist Russia: Health, Hygiene, and Living Standards, 1943–1953. By Donald Filtzer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ...

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IMAGES

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COMMENTS

  1. Full article: Managing environmental sanitation in the catchment area

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    286. Bull World Health Organ 2022;100:286-288 |. Sophie Budge et al. a framing concept is that water, sanita-tion and hygiene has become narrowly focused on - and constrained by - a few pathways of disease transmission that are used to justify a limited set of mostly inefective interventions at the house-hold level.

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    The thesis focuses on three aspects of urban health policies: the prevention of venereal disease; the regulation of slaughtering and meat production; the removal and treatment of urban wastes. It argues that Moscow's project of sanitation implied both "serving the people" and disciplining them. The service to the urban community was

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    Key words: Environmental sanitation, sanitary condition, diarrhoea, disease. INTRODUCTION In its modern concept, environment includes not only water, air and soil but also the social and economic conditions under which we live (Park, 2011). The key to man‟s health lies largely in his environment. In fact, much of man‟sill-health can be ...

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    The thesis focuses on three aspects of urban health policies: the prevention of venereal disease; the regulation of slaughtering and meat production; the removal and treatment of urban wastes. It argues that Moscow's project of sanitation implied both "serving the people" and disciplining them.

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    It contributes to the outbreak of many diseases in the country such as malaria, diarrhoea and typhoid fever. In managing the situation, a new concept called ecological sanitation (ecosan), which focuses on reuse of waste, has been introduced in the country. The objectives of the thesis were to criticise the environmental sanitation policy

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