It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill ( , 2015).
Information from (2015) emphasises that good referencing is an important academic skill.
You use secondary referencing when you want to refer to a source that is mentioned or quoted in the work you are reading. To do this, you add the phrase ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited in’ (depending on whether the author of the secondary source is directly quoting or summarising from the primary source) to your intext citation, along with the details of the source that you are reading.
West (2007, quoted in Birch, 2017, p. 17) state that… You would then include full references to Birch and The Open University in your reference list as these are the sources that you have read. There is no change to the structure of the full reference for these sources. |
You should include page numbers in your citation if you are quoting directly from or using ideas from a specific page or set of pages. Add the abbreviation p. (or pp. if more than one page) before the page number(s).
Harris (2015, p. 5) argues that… In the drying process "polyphenol oxidizing reactions" form new flavour compounds (Toker 2020, pp. 585–586)... |
Add a lower case letter to the date in the in-text citation and in the matching full reference to distinguish between the sources. : Snow is formed in part because the temperature drops enough that rain freezes (The Open University, 2022a), however the freezing temperature of water is often below 0°C under certain conditions (The Open University, 2022b).
The Open University (2022a) '1.2 What are clouds?'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). The Open University (2022b) '1.3.1 Snow and ice'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). Note: this only applies when you are using multiple different sources with the same author and year – if you are referring to the same source more than once then you do not need to add a letter to the date. The citation will be the same each time and you only need to include the source once in your reference list. |
Example with one author:
Almeroth-Williams, T. (2019) City of Beasts: How Animals Shaped Georgian London . Manchester: Manchester University Press.
RSPCA (2024) Caring for cats and kittens . Available at: https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Example with two or three authors:
Grayling, A. and Ball, B. (2024) ' Philosophy is crucial in the age of AI', The Conversation , 1 August. Available at: https://theconversation.com/philosophy-is-crucial-in-the-age-of-ai-235907 (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Chu, M., Leonard, P. and Stevenson, F. (2012) ' Growing the Base for Citizen Science: Recruiting and Engaging Participants', in J.L. Dickinson and R. Bonney (eds.) Citizen Science: Public Participation in Environmental Research . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 69-81.
Example with four or more authors:
Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.
Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.
(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).
When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
OR, if there is no named author:
The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633§ion=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:
The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014§ion=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941§ion=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).
Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.
For ebooks that do not contain print publication details
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).
Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).
Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.
Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.
Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.
If accessed online:
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).
Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.
Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).
Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).
Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).
Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.
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Chicago referencing is widely used in academic writing . It has various rules for how and when to use page numbers. And it’s worth knowing these rules if you’re been asked to use Chicago style in your work. In this post, then, we’ll look at how to write page numbers in Chicago referencing.
Generally, Chicago referencing requires you to use Arabic numerals (e.g., 1, 2, 3) instead of Roman numerals (e.g., i, ii, iii) for page numbers.
Roman numerals should only be used in Chicago referencing for the front matter of books, and only then if the source itself uses Roman numerals.
You should give page numbers in Chicago author–date and footnote references when you quote a print source directly. Page numbers are also required in a Chicago bibliography for a source within a container, such as a journal article or a chapter from an edited book.
In most cases, you can give page numbers by themselves. For instance:
1. W.B. Yeats , Collected Poems (New York: Scribner, 1996) , 123.
Here, we’re citing page 123 from a book. We know it is a page number because it comes at the end of a citation for a book and it is the only locator (i.e., something to pinpoint the part of the source cited) included.
However, the Chicago Manual of Style suggests using abbreviations for page (p.) and pages (pp.) when needed for clarity. Thus, if you give another number in a citation or footnote, such as a line number, you should add “p.” or “pp.” before the page number(s). For example:
2. W.B. Yeats , Collected Poems (New York: Scribner, 1996) , p. 123, lines 12–14.
Here, labelling the page number with “p.” and the line numbers with “lines” helps to prevent confusion. But you only need to use “p.” and “pp.” when giving page numbers alone could be ambiguous.
If you are referring to more than one page in a source, Chicago referencing has rules on how to present them. The rules for formatting an inclusive range of pages are outlined in the table below:
|
|
|
| | |
100 or multiples of 100 | Use all digits | 100–104 |
101 through 109, | Use changed part only | 101–8 |
110 through 199, | Use two digits unless more are needed to include all changed parts | 321–28 |
The exception to these rules is if you are using an inclusive range of Roman numerals, when you should always give them in full (e.g., “cxi–cxviii”).
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For non-consecutive pages, meanwhile, separate numbers with commas:
We see this in more than one poem (Yeats, 1996, 24, 27).
Here, we’re citing pages 24 and 27, but not the intervening ones.
Some electronic sources, such as websites, don’t have page numbers. And for others, such as ebooks, the page numbering may depend on the format. Consequently, Chicago referencing doesn’t necessarily require you to give a pinpoint citation for sources without page numbers.
However, for longer or more complex documents where it could be hard to find an exact quote without a pinpoint citation, it is worth using an alternative locator if you can, such as a paragraph or chapter number.
Here are examples of how this could look in footnote references:
3. “William Butler Yeats,” Poetry Foundation, para. 4, accessed October 13, 2020, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/william-butler-yeats. 4. W.B. Yeats, Fairy Tales of Ireland (New York: Harper Collins, 2019) , chap. 7, Kindle.
These locators will help readers to find the part of the source you’ve cited.
Hopefully, this post has helped to explain some of the key aspects of using page numbers in Chicago referencing. But if you would like an expert to check the referencing in your document for errors, or any other aspect of your writing, you can try our proofreading service for free today!
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The MLA system uses in-text citations rather than footnotes or endnotes. The citations in-text are very brief, usually just the author's last name and a relevant page number, in parenthesis at a natural pause in your text.
The in-text citation should unambiguously direct the reader to the entry in your works-cited list at the end of your document.
There is no need to repeat the author's name if it is already used in your sentence. This is called an 'author prominent' citation, and it will look something like this:
If you wish to emphasise the information you have paraphrased or quoted from an author, then your citation becomes 'information prominent', and you should include both the author's last name, and the relevant page number in parentheses. The citation will look something like this:
Single author, less than three lines long.
Example | "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times," wrote Charles Dickens of the eighteenth century (5). |
Explanation | If a prose quotation is no more than three lines and does not require special emphasis, put it in quotation marks and incorporate it into the text. Include the page number(s) in brackets. |
Example | Winston's reassessment of Grierson finds the play-off between creativity and realness unconvincing: This is a usefully provocative point, though agreement with it will largely rest on certain, contestable ideas about 'fictionalisation' and 'dramatisation'. The issue is dealt with directly in Chapter Two, as part of considering the debate around drama-documentary forms, and it occurs in relation to specific works throughout this book. |
| If a quotation is longer than four lines, set it off from your text by beginning a new line, indenting one inch from the left margin, and typing it double-spaced, without adding quotation marks. Introduce the quotation with a colon. Place the parenthetical reference after the last line. For example, above discusses John Corner in his book, , which refers to Brian Winston's revaluation of the documentary tradition in the writings of John Grierson. |
Example | More's distress that she had not written about the problems of the slave trade earlier are expressed in the poem: "Whene'er to Afric's shores I turn my eyes, / Horrors of deepest, deadliest guilt arise" (line 5). |
Explanation | Quotations from poetry from part of a line up to three lines in length, which do not need particular emphasis, may be added, placed in quotation marks, within your text as part of a sentence. Use a slash with a space either side ( / ) to indicate a new line of poetry. If the poem you are referencing has line numbers, then omit page numbers all-together and cite by line number instead. Do not use the abbreviation or , but instead in your first citation, use the word , or as shown in the example above. After the first citation it can be assumed that the numbers refer to lines, so you can include the numbers alone. |
Example | Judith Wright 's poetry explores the Australian environment: And have we eaten in the heart of the yellow wheat |
When quoting a block of poetry, introduce it in the same manner as a prose block quotation, i.e. begin the quote on a new line and indent each line as above. There is no need to add quotation marks. A reference to the page or line number should be included in parenthesis at the end of the last line. If the original text is creatively spaced or indented, then try to replicate the original as best you can. |
Example | TARTUFFE. |
Explanation | If you quote the lines of more than one actor or if the piece you are quoting is long, the quotation should not be integrated into your text. The rules in MLA for presenting this text are: For more information, see section 1.3.4 of the . |
Example | Petrarch laments that Cicero’s manuscripts are “in such fragmentary and mutilated condition that it would perhaps have been better for them to have perished” (qtd. in Hui 4). |
Explanation |
An indirect source is a source that is cited in another source. To quote this second-hand source, use “qtd. in” (quoted in), and then include the information of the source you actually consulted. Similarly, for the reference list use the source that you actually consulted (i.e. the indirect source). Keep in mind that it is good academic practice to seek out and use the original source, rather than the second-hand one, however this is not always possible. Hui, Andrew. . Fordham UP, 2016. For more information, see section 3.4 of the .
|
Example | (Brown and Czerniewicz 2010) |
Explanation | If a source has more than one author use 'and' rather than '&'. |
Example | (Jones et al. 53) |
Explanation | If a source has three or more authors, the in-text citation begins with the first author's surname, followed by |
Example | (Australian Research Council 205) (Monash University 176) |
Explanation | If the source has a corporate author, use the name of the corporation followed by a page number. Abbreviate terms that are commonly abbreviated (e.g. Department becomes Dept.), so as to not disrupt the flow of your text with overly long in-text citations. If the corporate author is identified in the works-cited list by the names of administrative units separated by commas, give all the names in the parenthetical citation. |
Example | Zipes argues that "the historical evolution of storytelling reflects struggles of human beings worldwide" (Preface xi). It has been argued that "the historical evolution of storytelling reflects struggles of human beings worldwide" (Zipes, Preface xi). |
Explanation | If a work is identified in the works-cited list by a descriptive term (e.g. introduction, preface), then use it it in the in-text citation, capitalised and placed after the author's surname, but before the relevant page numbers. |
Example | (N. Palmer 45) (N. Palmer 45; M. Palmer 102) |
Explanation | If you use works from more than one author with the same last name, eliminate any ambiguity by including the author's first initial as well (or if the initial is also the same, the full first name). |
Example | ..."the Orient was a scholar's word, signifying what modern Europe had recently made of the still peculiar East" (Said, 92). ..."there is something basically unworkable ro at least drastically changed about the traditional frameworks in which we study literature" (Said, "Globalizing Literary Study" 64). |
Explanation | If you cite multiple works by the same author, include a shortened title in each in-text citation to establish which work you are referring to. To avoid overly lengthy in-text citations, shorten the title to a simple noun phrase, or a few words. Note that in the first example above references Said's book, so the title is italicised. The second example references Said's journal article, so it is in quotation marks. For more tips on how to abbreviate titles of sources, see page 117-8 of the . |
Example | It has been argued that the hat symbolised freedom ( 157). |
Explanation | For works that are anonymously authored, or have no author, include a shortened version of the title in the in-text citation (do not list the author as "anonymous", nor as "anon."). |
Example | There is little evidence here for the claim that "Eagleton has belittled the gains of postmodernism" (Chan, par. 41). |
Explanation | If the source explicitly uses paragraph numbers (as some web publications do), then replace the page number with the relevant paragraph number, preceded by or The same rules applies for sections ( ) and chapters ( ). |
Example | Mme d'Aulnoy's heroine is "la chatte blanche" ("the white cat"; my trans.; 56) |
Explanation | If you think your audience would require a translation for your quoted material, then provide one. Give the source of the translation, as well as the source of the quote. If you did the translation yourself, then insert where you would usually put the translation source, as shown in the example above. If you're quoting in a language that does not use the Latin alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, etc.), then consistently use the original writing system for your quotes romanization. Note that proper nouns are usually romanized. For more information, see 1.3.8 Translations of Quotations in the MLA Style Guide. |
Example | (Jackson 41; Smith 150) |
Explanation | If you are citing more than one source at the same point in your assignment, place them in the same parentheses, separated by a semi-colon. |
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NCHS Data Brief No. 507, August 2024
PDF Version (454 KB)
Joyce A. Martin, M.P.H., Brady E. Hamilton Ph.D., and Michelle J.K. Osterman, M.H.S.
Birth rates declined for females ages 15–19 from 2022 to 2023., prenatal care beginning in the first trimester declined for the second year in a row in 2023., the preterm birth rate was unchanged from 2022 to 2023, but early-term births increased., data source and methods, about the authors, suggested citation.
Data from the National Vital Statistics System
This report presents highlights from 2023 final birth data on key demographic and maternal and infant health indicators. The number of births, the general fertility rate (births per 1,000 females ages 15–44), teen birth rates, the distribution of births by trimester prenatal care began, and the distribution of births by gestational age (less than 37 weeks, 37–38 weeks, 39–40 weeks, and 41 or later weeks of gestation) are presented. For all indicators, results for 2023 are compared with those for 2022 and 2021.
Keywords : general fertility rate, prenatal care, gestational age, National Vital Statistics System.
Figure 1. Number of live births and general fertility rates: United States, 2021–2023
Year | Births | Fertility rate |
---|---|---|
2021 | 3,664,292 | 56.3 |
2022 | 3,667,758 | 56.0 |
2023 | 3,596,017 | 54.5 |
NOTES: General fertility rates are births per 1,000 women ages 15–44. Rates are based on population estimates as of July 1 for 2021, 2022, and 2023. SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, natality data file.
Figure 2. Birth rate for teenagers, by maternal age: United States, 2021–2023
Maternal age | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 15–19 | 15–17 | 18–19 | |
Percentage | ||||
2002 | 13.9 | 5.6 | 26.6 | |
2003 | 13.6 | 5.6 | 25.8 | |
2004 | 13.1 | 5.5 | 24.6 |
NOTES: Age-specific birth rates are births per 1,000 females in specified age group. Rates are based on population estimates as of July 1 for each year 2021–2023. SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, natality data file.
Figure 3. Distribution of trimester prenatal care began: United States, 2021–2023
Trimester | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
2021 | 2022 | 2023 | ||
Percentage | ||||
First trimester | 78.3 | 77.0 | 76.1 | |
Second trimester | 15.4 | 16.3 | 16.9 | |
Third trimester | 4.2 | 4.6 | 4.7 | |
No care | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 |
SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, natality data file.
Figure 4. Distribution of births by gestational age: United States, 2021–2023
Gestational age | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Preterm | Early term | Full term | Late and post term |
Percentage | ||||
2021 | 10.49 | 28.76 | 55.9 | 4.85 |
2022 | 10.38 | 29.31 | 55.32 | 4.99 |
2023 | 10.41 | 29.84 | 54.94 | 4.82 |
NOTES: Preterm is less than 37 weeks, early term is 37 to 38 weeks, full term is 39 to 40 weeks, and late and post-term is 41 weeks or more. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, natality data file. SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, natality data file.
U.S. birth certificate data for 2023 show continued declines in the number (2%) and rate (3%) of births from 2022 to 2023. Since the most recent high in 2007, the number of births has declined 17%, and the general fertility rate has declined 21% ( 1 ). The teen birth rate also continued to decline in 2023 and has declined two-thirds since 2007 ( 1 ). The percentage of women beginning care in the first trimester of pregnancy declined in 2023 and was down 3% from the most recent high in 2021; first trimester care had been on the rise from 2016 to 2021. At the same time, the percentage of women with late care or with no care rose from 2021 to 2023; late and no-care levels have risen steadily since 2016 ( 1 ). The preterm birth rate was essentially unchanged from 2022 to 2023, but early-term births rose 2%, and full-term and late- and post-term births declined 1% and 3%, respectively. Since the most recent low in 2014, preterm birth rates have risen 9% and early-term births by 21%, while full-term and late- and post-term births have declined ( 1 ).
General fertility rate : Number of births per 1,000 females ages 15–44.
Gestational age : Preterm is births delivered before 37 completed weeks of gestation, early term is 37–38 weeks, full term is 39–40 weeks, and late and post term is 41 or later weeks. Gestational age is based on the obstetric estimate of gestation in completed weeks.
Teenage birth rates : Births per 1,000 females in the specified age groups 15–19, 15–17, and 18–19.
Trimester prenatal care began : The timing of care based on the date a physician or other health care provider examined or counseled the pregnant woman for the pregnancy and the obstetric estimate of gestational age.
This report uses data from the natality data file from the National Vital Statistics System. The vital statistics natality file is based on information from birth certificates and includes information for all births occurring in the United States. This Data Brief accompanies the release of the 2023 natality public-use file ( 2 ). More detailed analyses of the topics presented in this report and other topics such as births by age of mother, tobacco use during pregnancy, pregnancy risk factors, prenatal care timing and utilization, receipt of WIC food, maternal body mass index, and breastfeeding are possible by using the annual natality files ( 2 ). Additional information from the 2023 final birth data file is available via the CDC WONDER platform and will be included in the final 2023 National Vital Statistics Births Report.
References to increases or decreases in rates or percentages indicate differences are statistically significant at the 0.05 level based on a two-tailed z test. References to decreases in the number of births indicate differences are statistically significant at the 0.05 level based on a two-tailed chi-squared test. Computations exclude records for which information is unknown.
Rates shown in this report are based on population estimates calculated from a base that incorporates the 2020 census, vintage 2020 estimates for April 1, 2020, and 2020 demographic analysis estimates. Rates are calculated based on population estimates as of July 1, 2022, (vintage 2022) and July 1, 2023 (vintage 2023) ( 1 , 3 ). The vintage 2023 population estimates include methodological changes made after the release of the vintage 2022 population estimates and projection ( 4 , 5 ). Changes in rates from 2022 to 2023 reflect changes in births and changes in population estimates.
Joyce A. Martin, Brady E. Hamilton, and Michelle J.K. Osterman are with the National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Vital Statistics.
Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Osterman MJK. Births in the United States, 2023. NCHS Data Brief, no 507. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2024. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc/158789 .
All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated.
Brian C. Moyer, Ph.D., Acting Director Amy M. Branum, Ph.D., Associate Director for Science
Paul D. Sutton, Ph.D., Acting Director Andrés A. Berruti, Ph.D., M.A., Associate Director for Science
A paraphrase restates another’s idea (or your own previously published idea) in your own words. Paraphrasing allows you to summarize and synthesize information from one or more sources, focus on significant information, and compare and contrast relevant details.
Published authors paraphrase their sources most of the time, rather than directly quoting the sources; student authors should emulate this practice by paraphrasing more than directly quoting.
When you paraphrase, cite the original work using either the narrative or parenthetical citation format .
Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation, you may include one (in addition to the author and year) when it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work (e.g., a book).
Webster-Stratton (2016) described a case example of a 4-year-old girl who showed an insecure attachment to her mother; in working with the family dyad, the therapist focused on increasing the mother’s empathy for her child (pp. 152–153).
These guidelines pertain to when you read a primary source and paraphrase it yourself. If you read a paraphrase of a primary source in a published work and want to cite that source, it is best to read and cite the primary source directly if possible; if not, use a secondary source citation .
Paraphrases are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Sections 8.23 and 8.24 and the Concise Guide Sections 8.23 and 8.24
A paraphrase may continue for several sentences. In such cases, cite the work being paraphrased on first mention. Once the work has been cited, it is not necessary to repeat the citation as long as the context of the writing makes it clear that the same work continues to be paraphrased.
Velez et al. (2018) found that for women of color, sexism and racism in the workplace were associated with poor work and mental health outcomes, including job-related burnout, turnover intentions, and psychological distress. However, self-esteem, person–organization fit, and perceived organizational support mediated these effects. Additionally, stronger womanist attitudes—which acknowledge the unique challenges faced by women of color in a sexist and racist society—weakened the association of workplace discrimination with psychological distress. These findings underscore the importance of considering multiple forms of workplace discrimination in clinical practice and research with women of color, along with efforts to challenge and reduce such discrimination.
If the paraphrase continues into a new paragraph, reintroduce the citation. If the paraphrase incorporates multiple sources or switches among sources, repeat the citation so the source is clear. Read your sentences carefully to ensure you have cited sources appropriately.
Play therapists can experience many symptoms of impaired wellness, including emotional exhaustion or reduced ability to empathize with others (Elwood et al., 2011; Figley, 2002), disruption in personal relationships (Elwood et al., 2011; Robinson-Keilig, 2014), decreased satisfaction with work (Elwood et al., 2011), avoidance of particular situations (Figley, 2002; O’Halloran & Linton, 2000), and feelings or thoughts of helplessness (Elwood et al., 2011; Figley, 2002; O’Halloran & Linton, 2000).
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Published on March 5, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on January 17, 2024.
To cite a page from a website, you need a short in-text citation and a corresponding reference stating the author’s name, the date of publication, the title of the page, the website name, and the URL.
This information is presented differently in different citation styles. APA , MLA , and Chicago are the most commonly used styles.
Use the interactive example generator below to explore APA and MLA website citations.
Note that the format is slightly different for citing YouTube and other online video platforms, or for citing an image .
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Citing a website in mla style, citing a website in apa style, citing a website in chicago style, frequently asked questions about citations.
An MLA Works Cited entry for a webpage lists the author’s name , the title of the page (in quotation marks), the name of the site (in italics), the date of publication, and the URL.
The in-text citation usually just lists the author’s name. For a long page, you may specify a (shortened) section heading to locate the specific passage. Don’t use paragraph numbers unless they’re specifically numbered on the page.
MLA format | Author last name, First name. “Page Title.” , Day Month Year, URL. |
---|---|
Brice, Makini. “U.S. Senate Expected to Begin Debating Coronavirus Package on Thursday.” , 4 March 2021, www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-congress/u-s-senate-expected-to-begin-debating-coronavirus-package-on-thursday-idUSKBN2AW18U. | |
(Brice) |
The same format is used for blog posts and online articles from newspapers and magazines.
You can also use our free MLA Citation Generator to generate your website citations.
Citing a whole website.
When you cite an entire website rather than a specific page, include the author if one can be identified for the whole site (e.g. for a single-authored blog). Otherwise, just start with the site name.
List the copyright date displayed on the site; if there isn’t one, provide an access date after the URL.
MLA format | Author last name, First name. . Year or Year range, URL. Accessed Day Month Year. |
---|---|
. www.scribbr.com. Accessed 4 March 2021. | |
( ) |
When no author is listed, cite the organization as author only if it differs from the website name.
If the organization name is also the website name, start the Works Cited entry with the title instead, and use a shortened version of the title in the in-text citation.
When no publication date is listed, leave it out and include an access date at the end instead.
MLA format | Organization Name. “Page Title.” , URL. Accessed Day Month Year. |
---|---|
“Citing Sources in Academic Writing.” . www.scribbr.com/category/citing-sources/. Accessed 4 March 2021. | |
(“Citing Sources”) |
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An APA reference for a webpage lists the author’s last name and initials, the full date of publication, the title of the page (in italics), the website name (in plain text), and the URL.
The in-text citation lists the author’s last name and the year. If it’s a long page, you may include a locator to identify the quote or paraphrase (e.g. a paragraph number and/or section title).
APA format | Author last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). . Website Name. URL |
---|---|
Brice, M. (2021, March 4). . Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-congress/u-s-senate-expected-to-begin-debating-coronavirus-package-on-thursday-idUSKBN2AW18U | |
(Brice, 2021, para. 6) |
Note that a general reference to an entire website doesn’t require a citation in APA Style; just include the URL in parentheses after you mention the site.
You can also use our free APA Citation Generator to create your webpage citations. Search for a URL to retrieve the details.
Blog posts and online articles.
Blog posts follow a slightly different format: the title of the post is not italicized, and the name of the blog is.
The same format is used for online newspaper and magazine articles—but not for articles from news sites like Reuters and BBC News (see the previous example).
APA format | Author last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Article title. . URL |
---|---|
McKenna, J. (2021, March 3). Assisted reproduction science could be a lifeline for koalas. . https://jmckenna.scienceblog.com/2021/03/03/assisted-reproduction-science-could-be-a-lifeline-for-koalas/ | |
(McKenna, 2021) |
When a page has no author specified, list the name of the organization that created it instead (and omit it later if it’s the same as the website name).
When it doesn’t list a date of publication, use “n.d.” in place of the date. You can also include an access date if the page seems likely to change over time.
APA format | Organization Name. (n.d.). . Website Name. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL |
---|---|
Scribbr. (n.d.). . Retrieved March 4, 2021, from https://www.scribbr.com/category/citing-sources/ | |
(Scribbr, n.d.) |
In Chicago notes and bibliography style, footnotes are used to cite sources. They refer to a bibliography at the end that lists all your sources in full.
A Chicago bibliography entry for a website lists the author’s name, the page title (in quotation marks), the website name, the publication date, and the URL.
Chicago format | Author last name, First name. “Page Title.” Website Name. Month Day, Year. URL. |
---|---|
Brice, Makini. “U.S. Senate Expected to Begin Debating Coronavirus Package on Thursday.” Reuters. March 4, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-congress/u-s-senate-expected-to-begin-debating-coronavirus-package-on-thursday-idUSKBN2AW18U. | |
1. Makini Brice, “U.S. Senate Expected to Begin Debating Coronavirus Package on Thursday,” Reuters, March 4, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-congress/u-s-senate-expected-to-begin-debating-coronavirus-package-on-thursday-idUSKBN2AW18U. 2. Brice, “Coronavirus Package.” |
Chicago also has an alternative author-date citation style . Examples of website citations in this style can be found here .
For blog posts and online articles from newspapers, the name of the publication is italicized. For a blog post, you should also add the word “blog” in parentheses, unless it’s already part of the blog’s name.
Chicago format | Author last name, First name. “Page Title.” (blog). Month Day, Year. URL. |
---|---|
McKenna, Jarrod. “Assisted Reproduction Science Could Be a Lifeline for Koalas.” . March 3, 2021. https://jmckenna.scienceblog.com/2021/03/03/assisted-reproduction-science-could-be-a-lifeline-for-koalas/. | |
1. Jarrod McKenna, “Assisted Reproduction Science Could Be a Lifeline for Koalas,” , March 3, 2021, https://jmckenna.scienceblog.com/2021/03/03/assisted-reproduction-science-could-be-a-lifeline-for-koalas/. 2. McKenna, “Assisted Reproduction.” |
When a web source doesn’t list an author , you can usually begin your bibliography entry and short note with the name of the organization responsible. Don’t repeat it later if it’s also the name of the website. A full note should begin with the title instead.
When no publication or revision date is shown, include an access date instead in your bibliography entry.
Chicago format | Organization Name. “Page Title.” Website Name. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL. |
---|---|
Scribbr. “Citing Sources in Academic Writing.” Accessed March 4, 2021. https://www.scribbr.com/category/citing-sources/. | |
1. “Citing Sources in Academic Writing,” Scribbr, accessed March 4, 2021, https://www.scribbr.com/category/citing-sources/. 2. Scribbr, “Citing Sources.” |
The main elements included in website citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the author, the date of publication, the page title, the website name, and the URL. The information is presented differently in each style.
In APA , MLA , and Chicago style citations for sources that don’t list a specific author (e.g. many websites ), you can usually list the organization responsible for the source as the author.
If the organization is the same as the website or publisher, you shouldn’t repeat it twice in your reference:
If there’s no appropriate organization to list as author, you will usually have to begin the citation and reference entry with the title of the source instead.
When you want to cite a specific passage in a source without page numbers (e.g. an e-book or website ), all the main citation styles recommend using an alternate locator in your in-text citation . You might use a heading or chapter number, e.g. (Smith, 2016, ch. 1)
In APA Style , you can count the paragraph numbers in a text to identify a location by paragraph number. MLA and Chicago recommend that you only use paragraph numbers if they’re explicitly marked in the text.
For audiovisual sources (e.g. videos ), all styles recommend using a timestamp to show a specific point in the video when relevant.
Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.
Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.
The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2024, January 17). How to Cite a Website | MLA, APA & Chicago Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 19, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/cite-a-website/
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Title: the ai scientist: towards fully automated open-ended scientific discovery.
Abstract: One of the grand challenges of artificial general intelligence is developing agents capable of conducting scientific research and discovering new knowledge. While frontier models have already been used as aides to human scientists, e.g. for brainstorming ideas, writing code, or prediction tasks, they still conduct only a small part of the scientific process. This paper presents the first comprehensive framework for fully automatic scientific discovery, enabling frontier large language models to perform research independently and communicate their findings. We introduce The AI Scientist, which generates novel research ideas, writes code, executes experiments, visualizes results, describes its findings by writing a full scientific paper, and then runs a simulated review process for evaluation. In principle, this process can be repeated to iteratively develop ideas in an open-ended fashion, acting like the human scientific community. We demonstrate its versatility by applying it to three distinct subfields of machine learning: diffusion modeling, transformer-based language modeling, and learning dynamics. Each idea is implemented and developed into a full paper at a cost of less than $15 per paper. To evaluate the generated papers, we design and validate an automated reviewer, which we show achieves near-human performance in evaluating paper scores. The AI Scientist can produce papers that exceed the acceptance threshold at a top machine learning conference as judged by our automated reviewer. This approach signifies the beginning of a new era in scientific discovery in machine learning: bringing the transformative benefits of AI agents to the entire research process of AI itself, and taking us closer to a world where endless affordable creativity and innovation can be unleashed on the world's most challenging problems. Our code is open-sourced at this https URL
Subjects: | Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computation and Language (cs.CL); Machine Learning (cs.LG) |
Cite as: | [cs.AI] |
(or [cs.AI] for this version) | |
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When you include a paraphrase in a paper, you are required to include only the author and date in the citation. You are encouraged (but not required) to also provide the page number (or other location information) for a paraphrased citation when it would help the reader locate the relevant passage in a long or complex text (such as when you use ...
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
Placed in the header. Flush against the right margin. In the same font and size as the rest of your paper. You also do not need to write the word "page" or use its abbreviated form of "p." or "pp.". All it needs is the number. It's recommended that you use autogenerated page numbers in the "header" section of your paper.
1. Find the page number of your source. Use the exact page that the fact or quote appeared on. If it appeared on more than 1 page, record the entire page range. You can usually find page numbers on the top or bottom corner of a page. [1] For example, if you found a quote on page 10 of a book, cite page 10.
When you write a research essay in MLA format, page numbers will be included in the running head of your paper, the in-text citations, and on your Works Cited page. ... Use the abbreviation p. to cite a single page and pp. to cite multiple pages. If you are citing a source without page numbers, MLA suggests referring to paragraph numbers if ...
The quick answer to your first question is, "No.". Just because you cite one or more page numbers in text—whether you are directly quoting a source or just paraphrasing it—does not necessarily mean you need to include them in the reference list. References help readers find the work you are citing, whereas in-text citations help readers ...
Always write page numbers using the same style as in the original source (this will usually be Arabic numerals, but some sources use Roman numerals for front matter such as prefaces and introductions). Use "p." before a single page number and "pp." before page ranges. Use an en dash to indicate a page range (e.g., "pp. 18-24").
S41, p. e221). For multiple pages, use the abbreviation "pp." and separate the page range with an en dash (e.g., pp. 34-36). If pages are discontinuous, use a comma between the page numbers (e.g., pp. 67, 72). If the work does not have page numbers, provide another way for the reader to locate the quotation.
General guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay Author/Authors How to refer to authors in-text, including single and multiple authors, unknown authors, organizations, etc. Reference List. Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats
On the first line of the page, write the section label "References" (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order. Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page: Double spacing (within and between references) Hanging indent of ½ inch.
29) Parenthetical citations: If an in-text citation has the authors' names in brackets use "&" between the authors' names : (Jones & Smith, 2020, p. 29). Note: Some lecturers want page numbers for all citations, while some only want page numbers with direct quotes. Check with your lecturer to see what you need to do for your assignment.
Using In-text Citation. Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list. APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005).
In-text citations most commonly take the form of short parenthetical statements indicating the author and publication year of the source, as well as the page number if relevant. Example: APA Style in-text citation (Jackson, 2005, p. 16) We also offer a free citation generator and in-depth guides to the main citation styles.
Locate the information you need to cite within the body of the essay. Locate the author, date of publication and page number (s) for the information. Enclose direct quotations within quotation marks. Place the citation outside the final quotation mark. Enclose the citation within parenthesis and include the last name of the author, publication ...
Revised on March 5, 2024. An MLA in-text citation provides the author's last name and a page number in parentheses. If a source has two authors, name both. If a source has more than two authors, name only the first author, followed by " et al. ". If the part you're citing spans multiple pages, include the full page range.
In-text citations point the reader to the sources' information on the references page. The in-text citation typically includes the author's last name and the year of publication. If you use a direct quote, the page number is also provided. More information can be found on p. 253 of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American ...
In-text citations: Author-page style. MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number (s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the ...
Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5 in. using the tab key or the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. Page numbers: Put a page number in the top right corner of every page, including the title page or cover page, which is page 1. Student papers do not require a running head on any page.
The running head appears in all-capital letters in the page header of all pages, including the title page. Align the running head to the left margin. Do not use the label "Running head:" before the running head. Prediction errors support children's word learning. Page number. Use the page number 1 on the title page.
An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date. If using direct quotations or you refer to a specific section in the source you also need the page number/s if available, or paragraph number for web pages.
On the APA reference page, you list all the sources that you've cited in your paper. The list starts on a new page right after the body text. Follow these instructions to set up your APA reference page: Place the section label "References" in bold at the top of the page (centered). Order the references alphabetically. Double-space all text.
When to Use "P." and "Pp.". You should give page numbers in Chicago author-date and footnote references when you quote a print source directly. Page numbers are also required in a Chicago bibliography for a source within a container, such as a journal article or a chapter from an edited book. In most cases, you can give page numbers ...
The MLA system uses in-text citations rather than footnotes or endnotes. The citations in-text are very brief, usually just the author's last name and a relevant page number, in parenthesis at a natural pause in your text. The in-text citation should unambiguously direct the reader to the entry in your works-cited list at the end of your document.
U.S. birth certificate data for 2023 show continued declines in the number (2%) and rate (3%) of births from 2022 to 2023. Since the most recent high in 2007, the number of births has declined 17%, and the general fertility rate has declined 21% . The teen birth rate also continued to decline in 2023 and has declined two-thirds since 2007 . The ...
When you paraphrase, cite the original work using either the narrative or parenthetical citation format. Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation, you may include one (in addition to the author and year) when it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex work (e.g ...
Citing a website in MLA Style. An MLA Works Cited entry for a webpage lists the author's name, the title of the page (in quotation marks), the name of the site (in italics), the date of publication, and the URL. The in-text citation usually just lists the author's name. For a long page, you may specify a (shortened) section heading to ...
One of the grand challenges of artificial general intelligence is developing agents capable of conducting scientific research and discovering new knowledge. While frontier models have already been used as aides to human scientists, e.g. for brainstorming ideas, writing code, or prediction tasks, they still conduct only a small part of the scientific process. This paper presents the first ...