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Make PhD citations say "dissertation" rather than thesis

At my school, PhD works are generally referred to as dissertations rather than theses.

My bibtex file has this entry:

And it gets rendered as:

Is there any way to make it say "PhD dissertation" rather than "PhD thesis"?

On another note, why is this the default in LaTeX? Would it be unusual or poor form to change it?

Edit: I'm using the plain bibliography style. I could probably use ieeetr as well:

• This depends on your bibliography style, not your .bib file. So you need to show the LaTeX code you are using to produce the bibliography for us to help you. –  Alan Munn Commented May 4, 2014 at 2:28
• @AlanMunn Thanks, see edit. Using plain style. –  jtpereyda Commented May 4, 2014 at 2:37

2 Answers 2

The text used in plain.bst is hard coded into the file itself, and so isn't customizable from within your document.

What you can do is make a copy of plain.bst and edit it, and then use the copy as your bibliography style.

On a TeX Live system, plain.bst is located in /usr/local/texlive/2013/texmf-dist/bibtex/bst/base/plain.bst . Make a copy of this file and call it plain-diss.bst (or some other name). Save this in the same folder as your document, or put it in your local texmf folder in texmf/bibtex/bst/ .

Edit the file and search for "thesis". You will find the following function:

Change "PhD thesis" to "PhD dissertation" and then save the file.

In your document, use \bibliographystyle{plain-diss} instead of {plain} .

The same general solution will also work for the ieeetr.bst .

A biblatex solution

Another way to do this would be to use biblatex , which provides easy customization of these sorts of things. Here's a schematic document that shows how to do this:

• Thanks! Worked perfectly. I had to search my system (Cygwin) for the file with find / -name plain.bst . My plain.bst was at /usr/share/texmf-dist/bibtex/bst/base/plain.bst . –  jtpereyda Commented May 15, 2014 at 16:35
• Somebody at my school also pointed out that my PhD titles were italicized while my master's titles were not. Comparing the entries, I changed format.btitle "title" output.check to format.title "title" output.check to make them not italic. –  jtpereyda Commented May 16, 2014 at 2:09

For a quick fix, you can use the type field, although it makes the file non portable.

• this seems perfect, but could you pls elaborate on the "non portable" part? –  davyjones Commented Aug 2, 2016 at 14:09
• @davyjones If you use the bib file for other purposes, you probably need to remove the type field. –  egreg Commented Aug 2, 2016 at 14:23
• that's nice. I thought the generated pdf file would be somehow self-contradictorily non-portable. Thanks~ –  davyjones Commented Aug 2, 2016 at 14:29

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Guide to BibTeX Type PhdThesis

BibTeX is a reference management tool that is commonly used in LaTeX documents. The “phdthesis” BibTeX type is used for PhD dissertations or theses. In this guide, we will explain the required and optional fields for the “phdthesis” BibTeX type.

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Required Fields

The “phdthesis” BibTeX type requires the following fields:

• author : The author of the thesis.
• title : The title of the thesis.
• school : The name of the institution that awarded the degree.
• year : The year the degree was awarded.

Optional Fields

In addition to the required fields, the “phdthesis” BibTeX type also has a number of optional fields that can be used to provide additional information. These fields include:

• type : The type of the thesis, such as “PhD thesis” or “Master’s thesis”.
• address : The location of the institution.
• month : The month the thesis was submitted.
• note : Any additional information about the thesis.

Here is an example of how to use the “phdthesis” BibTeX type:

In this example, the BibTeX entry defines a PhD thesis authored by John Smith titled “An Analysis of Example”. The degree was awarded in 2022 by the University of Example, and the thesis was submitted in June in Example City, CA. The type of the thesis is specified as “PhD thesis”, and a note is included that provides a URL for the thesis.

Overleaf for LaTeX Theses & Dissertations: Home

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Tips and tools for writing your LaTeX thesis or dissertation in Overleaf, including templates, managing references , and getting started guides.

Managing References

BibTeX is a file format used for lists of references for LaTeX documents. Many citation management tools support the ability to export and import lists of references in .bib format. Some reference management tools can generate BibTeX files of your library or folders for use in your LaTeX documents.

LaTeX on Wikibooks has a Bibliography Management page.

Find list of BibTeX styles available on Overleaf here

View a video tutorial on how to include a bibliography using BibTeX  here

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How to get started writing your thesis in LaTeX

Writing a thesis or dissertation in LaTeX can be challenging, but the end result is well worth it – nothing looks as good as a LaTeX-produced PDF, and for large documents it's a lot easier than fighting with formatting and cross-referencing in MS Word. Review this video from Overleaf to help you get started writing your thesis in LaTeX, using a standard thesis template from the Overleaf Gallery .

You can upload your own thesis template to the Overleaf Gallery if your university provides a set of LaTeX template files or you may find your university's thesis template already in the Overleaf Gallery.

This video assumes you've used LaTeX before and are familiar with the standard commands (see other tutorial videos  if not), and focuses on how to work with a large project split over multiple files.

Add Institutional Library contact info here.

Contact Overleaf   or email [email protected]

5-part Guide on How to Write a Thesis in LaTeX

5-part LaTeX Thesis Writing Guide

Part 1: Basic Structure corresponding  video

Part 2: Page Layout corresponding  video

Part 3: Figures, Subfigures and Tables   corresponding video

Part 4: Bibliographies with Biblatex corresponding video

Part 5: Customizing Your Title Page and Abstract corresponding video

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LaTeX Resources for Graduate Students: Formatting of theses and dissertations

• BibTeX reference format
• BibTeX command
• LaTeX bibliography file
• LaTeX editors and compilers
• Sample LaTeX file with bibliography
• Sample LaTeX file without bibliography
• Formatting of theses and dissertations

Formatting and structure

The Cornell Graduate School has become increasingly flexible about the formatting of theses and dissertations.  There now are only seven core requirements . For the structure of theses and dissertations here is a list of required and recommended sections .

Latex template

Among the available thesis and dissertation templates provided by the Graduate School is also a LaTeX template (ZIP archive). This template has been uploaded to Overleaf and placed in the Cornell template directory . This template contains a small fix to avoid an error message about \ifpdf .

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LaTeX Guide : Citing with BibTeX

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LaTeX uses the BibTeX (.bib) file format to manage and process lists of references in order to produce in-text citations and formatted bibliographies. It is possible to create a BibTeX file from scratch using a text editor, but many literature databases and most modern citation managers can export directly to this format.

• Bibliography management with BibTeX An introduction to using BibTeX and .bib files for bibliography management, including solutions to common problems. From Overleaf.
• BibTeX Basic introduction to the BibTeX file format and how to use it with LaTeX.
• Choosing a BibTeX style Guide from Reed College on various citation styles and how to use them with BibTeX and LaTeX.

Citation Managers and LaTeX/BibTeX

Jabref is a free reference manager with native BibTeX and BibLaTeX support—it's designed for use with systems like LaTeX and includes cite-while-you-write functionality for LaTeX editors like Kile, LyX, and TeXstudio.

• JabRef Free citation manager with BibTeX support. Made by researchers for researchers.

Zotero is a free, open source citation manager. To create a BibTeX file with Zotero:

• Save all your references into a single collection folder
• Right click that collection in Zotero ( Ctrl + click for Mac OS)
• Choose Export Collection...
• Change the format from RIS to BibTeX

This will create a .bib file for you. Because Zotero is open source, there are a number of third-party plugins you can get to add or improve functionality. Better BibTeX for Zotero is highly recommended if you will be using Zotero for citation management for a LaTeX project.

• Better BibTeX for Zotero A plugin for Zotero that makes it easier for LaTeX users to manage bibliographic data.
• How to link your Overleaf account to Mendeley and Zotero For users with premium subscriptions only.

EndNote is a powerful citation manager, but the full version cannot be used without the purchase of a software license. The paid version of EndNote can produce a BibTeX file for your references, with some limitations. To do this:

• Save all your references into a single EndNote group
• Select the references in EndNote (use Ctrl +A for Windows or Cmd + A for Mac OS to select all)
• From the main menu choose File > Export...
• Choose BibTeX Export as the file output style (this may require installing the BibTeX Export style from the Style Manager)
• Save the file
• EndNote creates a plain text (.txt) file with BibTeX formatting inside; you will need to manually change it to .bib

Note: these instructions were created using EndNote 20. The process may not be exactly the same for other versions of EndNote.

• Can I use Overleaf with EndNote? Instructions for using EndNote to manage references for an Overleaf LaTeX project.

Mendeley is a free citation manager. Follow the directions below to create a BibTeX file containing the references from a Mendeley collection.

• Save all your references into a single folder
• Navigate to that folder in Mendeley Reference Manager
• Choose File > Export All from the main menu
• Choose BibTeX (*.bib) and save your file

Note: the steps may vary depending on the version of Mendeley being used.

• Exporting references from Mendeley Instructions for exporting your Mendeley reference library to a variety of formats. Note that this creates a static file.
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Guide to Writing Your Thesis in LaTeX

The bibliography and list of references.

The Graduate School requires a Bibliography which includes all the literature cited for the complete thesis or dissertation. Quoting from the Graduate School’s Guidelines for the Format of Theses and Dissertations :

“Every thesis in Standard Format must contain a Bibliography which lists all the sources used or consulted in writing the entire thesis and is placed at the very end of the work. The complete citations are arranged alphabetically by last name of the author. Individual citations are not numbered. No abbreviations in titles of published works will be accepted. The full title of a book, journal, website, proceedings, or any other published work must be italicized or underlined. Citations must follow standards set by the style manual that the student is using. The bibliography for URI theses is not broken into categories.”

The List of References is not required by the Graduate School, but is the style commonly used in Engineering, Mathematics, and many of the Sciences. It consists of a numbered list of the sources used or consulted in writing the thesis in the order that they are referenced in the text. There can be either one List of References for the entire thesis, or a List of References at the end of each chapter.

Both the Bibliography and the List of References will be generated by the urithesis LaTeX class. All you need to do is add information about your sources to the references.bib file, which is a database containing all of the necessary information about the references, then cite the reference in your thesis using the \cite{} command.

Generating the Bibliography and References

The bibliography and list of references are generated by running BibTeX. To generate the bibliography, load the file thesisbib.tex into your editor, then run BibTeX on it.

If each chapter has its own list of references, you will need to run BibTeX on each chapter to update its list of references. If there is one list of references for the whole thesis (because you used the oneref option, you will only need to run BibTeX on the top level file thesis.tex .

How to Add a Bibliography Entry

When we want to refer to a source in the thesis, we place an entry for that source in the file references.bib , then cite the source in the thesis with the \cite{LABEL} command. The syntax for an entry in the references.bib file is of the form:

ENTRYTYPE is the type of bibliographic entry such as Book , Article , or TechReport , that this entry describes. At the end of this page is a list of all possible entry types .

LABEL is a unique string that is used to refer to this entry in the body of the thesis when using the \cite{LABEL} command.

The FIELDNAMEn entries are the fields that describe this entry, (ie. author, title, pages, year, etc.). Each entry type has certain required fields and optional fields. See the list of all entry types for a description of the available fields.

As an example, suppose we have a paper from a conference proceedings that we want to cite. First we make an entry in the our references.bib file of the form:

We then cite this source in the text of our thesis with the command \cite{re:toolan:as03} . This will generate a Bibliography entry that looks something like:

and a List of References entry that looks something like:

[1]	T. M. Toolan and D. W. Tufts, “Detection and estimation in non-stationary environments,“ in , Nov. 2003, pp. 797-801.

Types of List of References

The Graduate School requires that the bibliography is always at the end of the thesis and sorted alphabetically by author, therefore there is no options that affect it. The list of references is optional, therefore there are a few different ways that it can created.

By default a separate list of references appears at the end of each chapter, and are sorted by the order that they are cited in that chapter. The option oneref (see options ) will create a single list of references for the whole thesis, which due to the requirements of the Graduate School, will appear after the last chapter and before any appendices.

The option aparefs will cite references using the APA style, which is the last name of the author and year of publication, such as (Toolan, 2006), instead of the default IEEE style, which is a number, such as [1]. This option will also sort the references alphabetically by author, instead of in order of citation. The options oneref and aparefs can be used together to create a single list of references using the APA style.

Supported Bibliography Entry Types

The following is a list of all the entry types that can be used. Click on the desired type to see a detailed description of how to use that type.

• Article – An article from a journal or magazine
• Book – A book with an explicit publisher
• InBook – A part of a book, such as a chapter or selected page(s)
• InCollection – A part of a book having its own title
• Booklet – Printed and bound works that are not formally published
• Manual – Technical documentation
• InProceedings – An article in a conference proceedings
• Proceedings – The entire proceedings of a conference
• MastersThesis – A Master’s thesis
• PhDThesis – A Ph.D. dissertation
• TechReport – A report published by a school or other institution
• Unpublished – A document that has not been formally published
• Electronic – An internet reference like a web page
• Patent – A patent or patent application
• Periodical – A magazine or journal
• Standard – Formally published standard
• Misc – For use when nothing else fits

Required fields:
Optional fields:

Articles that have not yet been published can be handled as a misc type with a note. Sometimes it is desirable to put extra information into the month field such as the day, or additional months. This is accomplished by using the BIBTEX concatenation operator “#“:

Example .bib using this type:

Required fields:	and/or
Optional fields:

Books may have authors, editors or both. Example .bib using this type:

Inbook is used to reference a part of a book, such as a chapter or selected page(s). The type field can be used to override the word chapter (for which IEEE uses the abbreviation “ch.”) when the book uses parts, sections, etc., instead of chapters

Incollection is used to reference part of a book having its own title. Like book , incollection supports the series, chapter and pages fields. Also, the type field can be used to override the word chapter.

Booklet is used for printed and bound works that are not formally published. A primary difference between booklet and unpublished is that the former is/was distributed by some means. Booklet is rarely used in bibliographies.

Technical documentation is handled by the manual entry type.

References of papers in conference proceedings are handled by the inproceedings or conference entry type. These two types are functionally identical and can be used interchangeably. Example .bib using this type:

It is rare to need to reference an entire conference proceedings, but, if necessary, the proceedings entry type can be used to do so.

Master’s (or minor) theses can be handled with the mastersthesis entry type. The optional type field can be used to override the words “Master’s thesis” if a different designation is desired:

The phdthesis entry type is used for Ph.D. dissertations (major theses). Like mastersthesis , the type field can be used to override the default designation. Example .bib using this type:

Techreport is used for technical reports. The optional type field can be used to override the default designation “Tech. Rep.” Example .bib using this type:

The unpublished entry type is used for documents that have not been formally published. IEEE typically just uses “unpublished” for the required note field.

Required fields:	none
Optional fields:

The electronic entry type is for internet references. IEEE formats electronic references differently by not using italics or quotes and separating fields with periods rather than commas. Also, the date is enclosed within parentheses and is placed closer to the title. This is probably done to emphasize that electronic references may not remain valid on the rapidly changing internet. Note also the liberal use of the howpublished field to describe the form or category of the entries. The organization and address fields may also be used. Example .bib using this type:

Required fields:	or
Optional fields:

The nationality field provides a means to handle patents from different countries

The nationality should be capitalized. The assignee and address (of the assignee) fields are not used, however, they are provided. The type field provides a way to override the “patent” description with other patent related descriptions such as “patent application” or “patent request”:

The periodical entry type is used for journals and magazines.

The standard entry type is used for formally published standards. Alternatively, the misc entry type, along with its howpublished field, can be used to create references of standards.

Misc is the most flexible type and can be used when none of the other entry types are applicable. The howpublished field can be used to describe what exactly (or in what form) the reference is (or appears as). Possible applications include technical-report-like entries that lack an institution, white papers and data sheets.

Additional Comments

Because we are effectively creating multiple bibliographies, (one for the actual bibliography, and one for each list of references), the two LATEX commands \bibliographystyle{} and \bibliography{} are not used. They have been redefined to do nothing, and the equivalent of these commands are done automatically when necessary.

When there is a reference that should be included in the bibliography, but does not need to be explicitly referenced in the thesis, use the \nocite{} command. This command works like the \cite{} command, except it does not put the citation in the list of references, only in the bibliography. The \nocite{} command must appear after the first \newchapter{} command, or it will be ignored.

When using the option aparefs , and a citation does not have an author, (such as often occurs with a web page), the key field can be used to specify what to use in the citation instead of the author’s name.

About the Bibliography Format

The bibliography format used by the urithesis class is based on the IEEE format. See the article “How to Use the IEEEtran BIBTEX Style” by Michael Shell for more details.

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LaTeX is the name of an open-source document markup language used for documents requiring the TeX typesetting program.  It is a  tool used to create professional-looking documents.  It is based on the WYSIWYM (what you see is what you mean) idea, meaning you only have to focus on the contents of your document and the computer will take care of the formatting.   The typesetting output of TeX is particularly good for mathematical and scientific publications.  

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The word  BibTeX  stands for a tool and a file format which are used to describe and process lists of references, mostly in conjunction with LaTeX documents. As the name implies, BibTex is intended to be used in combination with the typesetting system LaTeX, but it has become possible, for instance, to include BibTeX-bibliographies even in Word-Documents using third-party tools Many citation management tools support the ability to export and import lists of references in .bib format.  Some tools, such as Mendeley can generate BibTeX files of your library or folders for use in your LaTeX documents.

• Bibliography Management with BibTeX (Overleaf)
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Information on using LaTeX at UCI

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Overleaf is a collaborative cloud based LaTeX tool which makes the process of writing, editing and publishing scientific papers faster and easier.  New to LaTeX?  This tool will help you l earn the basics and collaborate with others.

All UC Irvine students, faculty and staff have access to a free Overleaf Professional account.  Sign up on the UCI  page for Overleaf . This site includes templates used at UCI as well as templates from ACM, IEEE, NSF and SPIE. If you have a favorite template let us know and we will add it.

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Graduate Division

The UCI Libraries provides formatting and submission support for graduate theses and dissertations. Theses and dissertations may be submitted electronically (via ProQuest ), or on paper; electronic submission best serves the majority of our graduate students and is highly encouraged.

If you have questions about formatting or the submission process, read through the FAQs or email [email protected] . If you have questions or concerns that do not relate to the formatting of your manuscript, please contact Graduate Division . 

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How to cite a published phd dissertation in bibtex using @phdthesis.

I have the following entry. But when I cite it in my paper, I keep getting "Unpublished doctoral dissertation" showing up in the entry. As far as I can tell there's no field to specify publishing information, so how do I get rid of this message?

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Citation Guide

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  NPS Thesis Template v2.7 (rel. 3 April 2023): Code Examples (Using template version ≤  2.6? Click here:  IEEE  or  INFORMS )

The following codes are customized for NPS theses and are not intended for use with any other publisher or template. The NPS thesis LaTeX template comes prepackaged with a BibTeX tool and a bib file containing the examples below.

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J. Locke, “Effect of weird tails in 35mm Innsmouth sprocket periodicity distributions on re-tiered bicyclical phase shifting using Cthulhean logic,” The Thing’s Credible!, blog, Dec. 22, 2020. Available: https://wrywhisker.pulpfriction.net/wallcrust/linear-colinear-felinear.html   TBA @misc{locke_2020, author = "J. Locke", title = "Effect of weird tails in 35mm {I}nnsmouth sprocket periodicity distributions on re-tiered bicyclical phase shifting using {C}thulhean logic", month = "Dec. 22,", year = "2020", howpublished = "The Thing’s Credible!, blog", url = "https://wrywhisker.pulpfriction.net/wallcrust/linear-colinear-felinear.html" }

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Book Chapter One author, two editors	P. Haynes, “Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and U.S. foreign policy,” in , D. Moran and J. A. Russel, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2009, pp. 62–77.   Haynes P (2009) Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and U.S. foreign policy. Moran D, Russel JA, eds., (Routledge, New York, NY, USA), 62–77. @incollection{haynes_2009,   author        = "P. Haynes",   editor        = "D. Moran and J. A. Russel",   title         = "Al-{Q}aeda, oil dependence, and {U.S.} foreign policy",   booktitle     = "Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management",   publisher     = "Routledge",   address       = "New York, NY, USA",   year          = "2009",   pages         = "62--77" }
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DOI or URL	M. E. Bonds, . New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 2014. Available: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004   Bonds ME (2014) , https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/ 9780199343638.003.0004. @ebook{bonds_2014,     address = {New York, NY, USA},     author = {M. E. Bonds},     doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004},     publisher = {Oxford University Press},     title = {Absolute Music: The History of an Idea},     year = {2014}}
From book provider	A. Krishnan, as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2008. Available: Kindle   Krishnan A (2008) , Kindle. @book{krishnan_2008,     address = {Aldershot, England},     author = {A. Krishnan},     publisher = {Ashgate},     title = {War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting},     url = {Kindle},     year = {2008}}
Print Book
One author	M. Pollan, Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals, 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: Penguin, 2006.   Pollan M (2006) , 2nd ed. (Penguin, New York, NY, USA). @book{pollan_2006,   author        = "M. Pollan",   title         = "The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals",   publisher     = "Penguin",   address       = "New York, NY, USA",   edition       = "2nd ed.",   year          = "2006" }
Two authors with edition number	A. Strindberg and M. Wärn, , 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 2011.   Strindberg A, Wärn M (2011) , 2nd ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA). @book{strindberg_warn_2011,   author        = "A. Strindberg and M. Wärn",   title         = " Islamism: Religion, Radicalization and Resistance",   publisher     = "John Wiley and Sons",   address       = "Hoboken, NJ, USA",   edition       = "2nd ed.",   year          = "2011" }
Section (in a series, portion, volume)
In a series	M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Eds., (Applied Mathematics Series 55). Washington, DC, USA: NBS, 1964, pp. 32–33.   N/A @inbook{abramowitz_64,   editor        = "M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun",   title         = "Handbook of Mathematical Functions",   series        = "Applied Mathematics Series 55",   publisher     = "NBS",   address       = "Washington, DC, USA",   pages         = "32--33",   year          = "1964" }
Portion	B. Orend, , 2nd ed. Tonawanda, NY, USA: Broadview Press, 2013, ch. 2, sec. 3, pp. 67–70.   N/A @inbook{orend_2013,   author        = "B. Orend",   title         = "Morality of War",   publisher     = "Broadview Press",   address       = "Tonawanda, NY, USA",   edition       = "2nd ed.",   year          = "2013",   chapter       = "2, sec.\ 3",   pages         = "67--70" }
Volume	R. L. Myer, “Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials,” in , vol. 4, P. G. Harper and B. S. Wherret, Eds. San Francisco, CA, USA: Academic Press, 1977, pp. 47–160.    N/A @incollection{myer_77,   author        = "R. L. Myer",   editor        = "P. G. Harper and B. S. Wherret",   title         = "Parametric oscillators and nonlinear materials",   booktitle     = "Nonlinear Optics",   publisher     = "Academic Press",   address       = "San Francisco, CA, USA",   year          = "1977",   volume        = "4",   pages         = "47--160" }

Class Notes / Lecture / Presentation / Workshop

“New applications in computational mechanics,” class notes for Computational Mechanics, Dept. of Mech. and Aerosp. Eng., Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA, spring 2013.   Houston A (2016) Why capitalization matters when visiting the House of Potato Chips. Class notes, Performance Management and Budgeting, University of Idaho, September 28, Fort Chip, ID. @misc{NPS_notes_2013,   title         = "New applications in computational mechanics",   organization  = "Dept. of Mech. and Aerosp. Eng., Naval Postgraduate School",   howpublished  = "class notes for Computational Mechanics",   address       = "Monterey, CA, USA",   year          = "spring 2013" }

Computer Program / Software

M. Borenstein, L. Hedges, J. Higgins, and H. Rothstein, Englewood, NJ, USA. 2005. , ver. 2. Available: http://www.meta-analysis.com/   Borenstein M, Hedges L, Higgins J, Rothstein H (2005) Comprehensive meta-analysis, ver. 2, Englewood, NJ, USA. Accessed May 8, 2015, http://www.meta-analysis.com. @software{comprehensive_2005,   author        = "M. Borenstein and L. Hedges and J. Higgins and H. Rothstein",   address       = "Englewood, NJ, USA",   title         = "Comprehensive Meta-Analysis",   howpublished  = "ver. 2",   year          = "2005",   url           = "http://www.meta-analysis.com" }

Conference Proceedings (online)	J. W. Morentz, C. Doyle, L. Skelly, and N. Adam, “Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing,” in for Homeland Security, 2009. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032    Morentz JW, Doyle C, Skelly L, Adam N (2009) Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing. , https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032. Variant of inproceedings class. Note "and" between multiple authors. @inproceedings{morentz_2009,   author        = "J. W. Morentz and C. Doyle and L. Skelly and N. Adam",   title         = "{Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing}",   booktitle     = "2009 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security",   year          = "2009",   url           = "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5168032" }
Conference Proceedings (print)	I. Katz, K. Gabayan, and H. Aghajan, “A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras,” in , 2007, pp. 133–203.    Katz I, Gabayan K, Aghajan H (2007) A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras. (Berlin, Germany), 133–203. @inproceedings{katz_2007,   author        = "I. Katz and K. Gabayan and H. Aghajan",   title         = "A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras",   booktitle     = "Adv. Conc. for Intell. Vis. Sys.: 9th Intl. Conf.",   year          = "2007",   pages         = "133--203" }
Paper Presented at a Conference Unpublished	K. Kirby and J. Stratton, “Van Allen probes: Successful launch campaign and early operations exploring Earth’s radiation belts,” presented at the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA, 2013.   Teplin LA, McClelland GM, Abram KM (2005) Early violent death in delinquent youth: A prospective longitudinal study. Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA. Use misc. Notice the {} around first letters of proper nouns in the title. @misc{kirby_2013,   author        = "K. Kirby and J. Stratton",   title         = "{V}an {A}llen probes: Successful launch campaign and early operations exploring {E}arth's radiation belts",   howpublished  = "presented at the IEEE Aerospace Conference",   address       = "Big Sky, MT, USA",   year          = "2013" }

Database Published

“NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database.” Object name IRAS F00400+4059. Accessed Dec. 10, 2012. Available: http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/   Suro R (2004) Changing channels and crisscrossing culture: A survey of Latinos on news media. Pew Research Center. Accessed April 30, 2012, http://www.pewhispanic.org/2004/04/19/hanging-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/. @misc{nsa_ipac_2012,     journal = {database},     note = {Accessed Dec. 10, 2012},     organization = {Object name IRAS F00400+4059},     title = {{NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database}},     url = {http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/}}

Dictionary / Encyclopedia

"Metamorphosis,” . Accessed July 6, 2017. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis    Metamorphosis (2017) . Accessed July 6, 2017, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis. @misc{merriam_2017,   title         = "Metamorphosis",   howpublished  = {\emph{Merriam-Webster}. Accessed July 6, 2017},   url           = "https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis" }

Fact Sheet	Texas Instruments, , SNAS548D, 2015. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm555.pdf    Department of Labor (2008) , http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs1.htm. @manual{texas_2015,     author = {{Texas Instruments}},     howpublished = {SNAS548D},     title = {LM555 timer},     url = {http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm555.pdfs},     year = {2015}}

Strategy Document / Other Government Report

-->

Directive
Directive	, DOD Directive 5000.1, Under Secretary of Defense (AT&L), Washington, DC, USA, 2003. Available: http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf   Department of Defense (2005) . DoD Directive 8570.01-M. Washington, DC, http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf. @manual{dod_5000.1,   title = "The Defense Acquisition System",   howpublished  = "DOD Directive 5000.1",   organization  = "Under Secretary of Defense (AT\&L)",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   year = "2003",   url = "http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf" }
Doctrine
Doctrine	Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, JP-1, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC, USA, 2017. Available: https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf   Joint Chiefs of Staff (2017) . JP 3-01. Washington, DC, http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_01_20172104.pdf. @manual{JP1,   title = "Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States",   howpublished = "JP-1",   organization = "Joint Chiefs of Staff",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   year = "2017",   url = "https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf" }
Field Manual / Military Regulation
Field Manual / Military Regulation	, FM 23-10, U.S. Dept. of the Army, Washington, DC, USA, 1995. Available: https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf   Department of the Army (1995) . FM 23-10. Washington, DC, USA, https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf. @manual{sniper_2011,   title = "Sniper Training",   howpublished = "FM 23-10",   organization = "U.S. Dept. of the Army",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   year = "1995",   url = "https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10\%2894\%29.pdf" }
Government Report
CRS or GAO Report	M. C. Erwin, “Intelligence issues for Congress,” CRS Report No. RL33539, Washington, DC, USA, 2011. Available: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/ RL33539.pdf   TBA @misc{erwin_2011,   author = "M. C. Erwin",   title = "Intelligence issues for {C}ongress",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   howpublished = "CRS Report No. RL33539",   year = "2011",   url = "http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf" }
NEED CODE for  White House. National Security Strategy
Instruction
Instruction	, DOD Instruction 1000.01, Department of Defense, Washington, DC, USA, 2012, pp. 1-1–1-10.   See . @manual{instruction_1000.01,   title = "Identification (ID) Cards Required by the Geneva Convention",   howpublished = "DOD Instruction 1000.01",   organization = "Department of Defense",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   year = "2012",   pages = "1\hyphen1--1\hyphen10" }
Memorandum
Memorandum	T. M. Takai, “Adoption of the national information exchange model within the Department of Defense,” official memorandum, Department of Defense, Washington, DC, USA, 2013. Available: http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/ 2013-03-28%20Adoption%20of%20the%20NIEM%20within%20the%20DoD.pdf   N/A @misc{takai_2013,   author = "T. M. Takai",   title = "Adoption of the national information exchange model within the {D}epartment of {D}efense",   address = "Washington, DC, USA",   howpublished = "official memorandum, {D}epartment of {D}efense",   year = "2013",   url = "http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28\%20Adoption\%20of\%20the\%20NIEM\%20within\%20the\%20DoD.pdf" }

Print	Communications, 3rd ed., Western Elect. Co., Winston- Salem, NC, USA, 1985, pp. 44–60.   Western Elect. Co. (1985) , 3rd ed. (Winston-Salem, NC, USA). @manual{transmission_comm_85,   title = "Transmission Systems for Communications",   edition = "3rd",   organization = "Western Elect. Co.",   address = "Winston-Salem, NC, USA",   year = "1985",   pages = "44--60" }

Online	G. Sanico and M. Kakinaka, “Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support,” Econ., vol. 19, no. 2, Apr. 2018. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419    Sanico G, Kakinaka M (2018) Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support. 19(2) (April), https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419. @article{sanico_2018,     author = {G. Sanico and M. Kakinaka},     doi = {10.1080/10242690701505419},     journal = {Def. \& Peace Econ.},     month = Apr,     number = {2},     title = {Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support},     volume = {19},     year = {2018}}
Print	W. Q. Wang and H. Shao, “High altitude platform multichannel SAR for wide-area and staring imaging,” , vol. 29, no. 25, pp. 12–17, Mar. 2014.   Griffin G (2009) Managing peacekeeping communications. 3(2):317–327. @article{wang_2014,   author = "W. Q. Wang and H. Shao",   title = "High altitude platform multichannel {SAR} for wide-area and staring imaging",   journal = "Aerosp. and Electron. Syst.",   volume = "29",   number = "25",   month = mar,   year = "2014",   pages = "12--17" }

Legislative Document	-->   U.S. House, 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). H. Con. Res. 1, of Military Action. Available: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.1.IH   INFORMS: No reference required. @electronic{congress_1991,     author = {{U.S. House, 102nd Congress, 1st Session}},     month = {Jan. 11},     title = {H. Con. Res. 1, \emph{Sense of the Congress on Approval of Military Action}},     url = {http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.CON.RES.1.IH},     year = {1991}}
Public Law Published in the	Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101. 1991.   No reference required. @misc{americans_1991,     howpublished = {42 U.S.C. {\S} 12101},     journal = {law},     title = {Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990},     year = {1991}}

Google Map

Google. “Monterey Bay.” Accessed Jul. 6, 2017. Available: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106, -122.0843052,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311   N/A @misc{Google_2017,     author = {Google},     journal = {map},     note = {Accessed Jul. 6, 2017},     title = {Monterey {B}ay},     url = {https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,-122.0843052,11z/ data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311}}

Online	L. Linguine, “Animal fat shampoos for achieving angel hair,” , Jul. 15, 2016. Available: http://www.chickenyodeling.com/ dfjgp98y4t34_pherg899h.html/    Beforebad S (2014) Cold spaghetti: To eat or not to eat?   (January 1), https://pastadynamics.com/2014/11/03/skettibrrrrrrr.html. @article{linguine_2016,     author = {L. Linguine},     journal = {Knife and Spork Semi-Weekly},     month = {Jul. 15,},     title = {Animal fat shampoos for achieving angel hair},     url = {http://www.chickenyodeling.com/dfjgp98y4t34_pherg899h.html/},     year = {2016}}
Print	J. Stulberg, “The art of creating crossword puzzles,” , Jul. 15, 2016.   Beforebad S (2014) Cold spaghetti: To eat or not to eat? (January 1). @article{stulberg_2016,     author = {J. Stulberg},     journal = {New York Times},     month = {Jul. 15,},     title = {The art of creating crossword puzzles},     year = {2016}}

Patent

A. G. Bell, “Improvement in telegraphy,” U.S. Patent 174 465, Mar. 7, 1876. Available: https://www.google.com/patents/US174465 Bell AG (1876) U.S. Patent No. 174,465. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC, https://www.google.com/patents/US174465. @patent{bell_1876,   author = "A. G. Bell",   title = "Improvement in telegraphy",   nationality = "United States",   number = "174465",   day = "7",   month = Mar,   year = "1876",   url = "https://www.google.com/patents/US174465" }

	R. Ajanlekoko, private communication, Sep. 2009.    Wunkerbunk TT (2002) Moss-growing statistics provided to the author via personal communication, June 11. @misc{ajanlekoko_2009,   author = "R. Ajanlekoko",   howpublished = "private communication",   year = "2009",   month = "Sep." }

Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper
Research Report / Think Tank Report / White Paper	L. Dixon , “The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City,” RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA, USA, RR-1776-NYCEDC, 2017. Available: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/ RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf  Dixon L, Clancy N, Miller BM, Hoegberg S, Lewis MM, Bender B, Ebinger S, et al. (2017) The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City. Report RR-1776-NYCEDC, RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA, USA, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf. @techreport{dixon_2017,     address = {Santa Monica, CA, USA},     author = {Lloyd Dixon and Noreen Clancy and Benjamin M. Miller and Sue Hoegberg and Michael M. Lewis and Bruce Bender and Samara Ebinger and Mel Hodges and Gayle M. Syck and Caroline Nagy and Scott R. Choquette},     institution = {RAND Corp.},     number = {RR-1776-NYCEDC},     title = {The cost and affordability of flood insurance in {N}ew {Y}ork {C}ity},     url = {https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf},     year = {2017}}
Technical Report
Technical Report Author given (online)	S. V. Effendi and X. Vilhjálmsson, “The absorption rate of potatoes in salmonella,” Dept. Vet. Stud., Madison, WI, USA, Rep. 17-59, 2009. Available: https://vetstudies.edu/donteatthosefries.html   Wonka W, Loompa O, Bucket C (1972) Stochastic error-correction in a hyperbaric ethereal pulley system for vitreous personal vertical displacement apparatuses (PVDA). Technical Report VK-1916, Gloop Corporation, Great Missenden, UK, https://www.beanfeast.org/badegg/wahwah.pdf. @techreport{effendi_2009,   author = "S. V. Effendi and X. Vilhjálmsson",   title = "The absorption rate of potatoes in salmonella",   institution = "Dept. Vet. Stud.",   address = "Madison, WI, USA",   number = "Rep. 17-59",   year = "2009",   url = "https://vetstudies.edu/donteatthosefries.html" }
Technical Report Author given (print)	K. A. Abdulatipov and F. Ramazonov, “The absorption rate of E. coli in cats,” Dept. Vet. Stud., Madison, WI, USA, Rep. 17-59, 2012.   Wonka W, Loompa O, Bucket C (1972) Stochastic error-correction in a hyperbaric ethereal pulley system for vitreous personal vertical displacement apparatuses (PVDA). Technical Report VK-1916, Gloop Corporation, Great Missenden, UK. @techreport{abdulatipov_2012,   author = "K. A. Abdulatipov and F. Ramazonov",   title = "The absorption rate of {E}. coli in cats",   institution = "Dept. Vet. Stud.",   address = "Madison, WI, USA",   number = "Rep. 17-59",   year = "2012" }
Technical Report Organization as author (online)	National Toxicology Program, “Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethy- lolpropane triacrylate (CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies),” Washington, DC, USA, Rep. TR-576, 2012. Available: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580?/listedreports/tr576/index.html   TBA @techreport{national_toxicology_2012,     address = {Washington, DC, USA},     institution = {National Toxicology Program},     number = {Rep. TR-576},     title = {Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethylolpropane triacrylate {(CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies)}},     url = {https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580 ?/listedreports/tr576/index.html},     year = {2012}}

Standard	Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5, 1968.   N/A @manual{standard_1968,   title = "Letter Symbols for Quantities",   howpublished = "ANSI Standard Y10.5",   year = "1968" }

Dissertation (print)	Check your output:   J. Rivera, “Software system architecture modeling methodology for naval gun weapon systems,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Comp. Sci., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA, 2010.    Yoshi H (1988) Effects of pizza consumption on katana-wielding dexterity in terrapinoids. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Reptile Bellicosity, Eastman & Laird University, New York, NY, https://hdl.handle.net/6576565753/splinter.html. @phdthesis{rivera_2010,   author = "J. Rivera",   title = "Software system architecture modeling methodology for naval gun weapon systems",   school = "Dept. of Comp. Sci., Harvard Univ.",   address = "Cambridge, MA, USA",   year = "2010" }
Thesis From an institutional archive such as the NPS Archive: Calhoun	T. D. Moon, “Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and Chinese influence in Vietnam,” M.A. thesis, Dept. of Natl. Sec. Aff., NPS, Monterey, CA, USA, 1993. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4694  Nekeip R (2008) Pescatarians and daisies: A match made in sushi heaven. Master’s thesis, Garden of Sushi School of Sushi, Maui, HI, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (AAT 3300426). @mastersthesis{Moon_1993,   author = "T. D. Moon",   title = "Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and {C}hinese influence in {V}ietnam",   school = "Dept. of Natl. Sec. Aff., NPS",   address = "Monterey, CA, USA",   type = "M.A. thesis",   year = "1993",   url = "http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4694" }

Unpublished Work Accepted for publication	R. Briscoe, “Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception,” unpublished.   Horse BB (1995) Back in the saddle. Unpublished memoir, Leaping H Ranch, Peoria, IL. @unpublished{briscoe_unpub,   author = "R. Briscoe",   title = "Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception",   note = "unpublished" }

Author and date given	R. Roth, “75 years ago, the Doolittle Raid changed history,” CNN, Apr. 18, 2017. Available: http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle- raid/index.html  Sushi UQ (1995) Absorption of cats in sushi. Sushi Lab. Accessed November 9, 1999, http://www.wallcrust.com/hgtehrwOIASD.html. @misc{Roth_2017,   author = "R. Roth",   title = "75 years ago, the {D}oolittle {R}aid changed history",   howpublished = "CNN",   month = "Apr. 18,",    year = "2017",   url = "http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html" }
Organization as author	Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Forging papers to sell fake art,” Apr. 6, 2017. Available: https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art    Federal Bureau of Investigation (2017) Forging papers to sell fake art. Apr. 6, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art. @misc{FBI_2017,   author = {{Federal Bureau of Investigation}},   title = {Forging papers to sell fake art},   month = "Apr. 6,",    year = "2017",   url = "https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art" }
Organization as author, no date given	Department of Defense, “About the Department of Defense (DOD).” Accessed Apr. 18, 2017. Available: https://www.defense.gov/About/  Python M (2017) Finding a dead parrot on a silly walk. Ministry of Silly Walks. Accessed August 6, 2017, https://www.omgitsadeadparrot.com/feathers. @misc{dep_defense_2017,     author = {{Department of Defense}},     note = {Accessed Apr. 18, 2017},     title = {{About the Department of Defense (DOD)}},     url = {https://www.defense.gov/About/}}
Janes example	“Mali: Executive summary,” Jane’s, May 31, 2017. Available: https://customer.janes.com/    Jane's (2017) Mali: Executive summary. May 31, https://customer.janes.com/. @misc{Janes_2017,     howpublished = {Jane's},     month = {May 31,},     title = {Mali: Executive summary},     url = {https://customer.janes.com/},     year = {2017}}

Wikipedia	“Psychology,” . Accessed May 17, 2011. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology Psychology (2016) . Accessed May 17, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology. @article{wiki_2016,     journal = {Wikipedia},     note = {Accessed May 17, 2011},     title = {Psychology},     url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology}}

Working Paper / Occasional Paper

U. Q. Sushi, “Three-handed Fibonacci model for optimizing surface-to-volume ratio of temaki in Hilbert space,” working paper, Donburi Inst. of Int. Gastron., Pierre, SD, USA, 2021. Available: https://www.wallcrust.com/403t3-9j/340txf%oii%/gonzoponzu.html TBA @misc{sushi_2021,     address = {Pierre, SD, USA},     author = {U. Q. Sushi},     howpublished = {working paper},     organization = {Donburi Inst. of Int. Gastron.},     title = {Three-handed {F}ibonacci model for optimizing surface-to-volume ratio of temaki in {H}ilbert space},     url = {https://www.wallcrust.com/403t3-9j/340txf\%oii\%/gonzoponzu.html},     year = {2021}}

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biblatex: LaTeX中的现代参考文献管理系统

biblatex A Rust crate for parsing and writing BibTeX and BibLaTeX files. 项目地址:https://gitcode.com/gh_mirrors/bib/biblatex

biblatex 是一个强大的 LaTeX 包，用于管理和格式化参考文献。它相对于传统的 BibTeX 提供了更为灵活且高度可定制的接口。biblatex 支持多种引用风格，并且具有卓越的语言本地化能力，让非英语文献的处理更加得心应手。通过结合 Biber 或 BibTeX 后端，biblatex 能够实现复杂排序和过滤引用的功能。本开源项目位于 https://github.com/typst/biblatex.git ，为学术出版物和其他需要精确文献引用的 LaTeX 文档提供了不可或缺的工具。

要快速启动使用 biblatex，首先确保你的 LaTeX 环境已更新至最新版本，包括 biber 后端。以下是基本的设置步骤：

安装 biblatex

如果你使用的是 TeX Live 或 MiKTeX，通常biblatex已经预先安装或可以通过包管理器轻松获取。

在 LaTeX 文档中集成 biblatex 的基本步骤如下：

• LaTeX编译 ：首次编译文档。
• 运行Biber ：这一步是用来处理 .bcf 文件，生成 .bbl 文件，实际包含引用信息。大多数IDE可以自动完成此步，或者手动执行： biber <yourtexfile_without_extension> 。
• 再次LaTeX编译 两次：以确保所有引用和编号正确显示。

最佳实践示例 ：

对于一个研究论文，创建一个专门的 .bib 文件，其中包含所有可能引用的文献。保持文献条目清晰和标准化，便于维护和重用。利用 biblatex 的高级功能，如分组引用（按类型或主题）、自定义引用标签和引用前言。

在文档中根据上下文采用不同的引用风格，提升可读性和专业性。

biblatex 与其他 LaTeX 生态系统紧密相连，例如与 csquotes 包一起使用可以实现智能引号，与特定的类文件（如 article , report , book ）结合使用，以及在学术期刊模板中作为标准配置。此外，很多在线LaTeX编辑平台，如Overleaf，都原生支持 biblatex，使得团队合作和跨设备编写包含丰富引用的文档变得轻而易举。

通过这些步骤和实践，你可以充分利用 biblatex，提升文献引用的专业度和效率，让学术作品达到更高的质量标准。

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The 14 BibTeX entry types

Possibly the most difficult aspect of using BibTeX to manage bibliographies is deciding what entry type to use for a reference source. We list all the 14 BibTeX entry types including their description on when to use.

An article from a journal, magazine, newspaper, or periodical.

A book where the publisher is clearly identifiable.

A printed work that is bound, but does not have a clearly identifiable publisher or supporting institution.

An article that has been included in conference proceedings. See inproceedings for details.

A section, such as a chapter, or a page range within a book.

• incollection

A titled section of a book. Such as a short story within the larger collection of short stories that make up the book.

• inproceedings

A paper that has been published in conference proceedings. The usage of conference and inproceedings is the same. The conference entry was included for Scribe compatibility.

A technical manual for a machine software such as would come with a purchase to explain operation to the new owner.

• mastersthesis

A thesis written for the Master’s level degree.

Used if none of the other entry types quite match the source. Frequently used to cite web pages, but can be anything from lecture slides to personal notes.

A thesis written for the PhD level degree.

• proceedings

A conference proceeding.

An institutionally published report such as a report from a school, a government organization, an organization, or a company. This entry type is also frequently used for white papers and working papers.

• unpublished

A document that has not been officially published such as a paper draft or manuscript in preparation.