research questions for child labour

Advancing social justice, promoting decent work ILO is a specialized agency of the United Nations

Child labour remains a persistent problem in the world today. It is a complex phenomenon as not all work done by children can be regarded as child labour . A distinction must be made between child labour, on the one hand, and children’s activities considered part of a natural socialisation process, on the other hand. Children in child labour are those entering the labour market, or those taking on too much work and too many duties at too early an age.

Numbers on the extent, characteristics and determinants of child labour are provided by the Research and Evaluation Unit of the ILO’s Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch (FUNDAMENTALS). FUNDAMENTALS assists countries in the collection, documentation, processing and analysis of child labour statistics and provides manuals, tools and training materials accordingly.

Main figures on child labour

Latest global estimates on child labour.

Child Labour: Global estimates 2020, trends and the road forward

This report takes stock of where we stand in the global effort to end child labour and describes the scale and key characteristics of child labour today, and changes over time. What the report tells us is alarming. Global progress against child labour has stalled for the first time since we began producing global estimates two decades ago. These results constitute an important reality check in meeting the international commitment to end child labour by 2025. If we do not muster the will and resources to act now on an unprecedented scale, the timeline for ending child labour will stretch many years into the future.

• Full report (pdf)
• Executive Summary (pdf)
• Frequently Asked Questions
• Methodology of the 2020 Global Estimates of Child Labour (pdf)

Country reports

• Rapid assessment on child labour in agriculture in Kosovo
• Nepal Child Labour Report 2021
• Viet Nam National Child Labour Survey 2018
• Rapid Assessment on Child Domestic Work in Myanmar

Research reports

• Meta-analysis of the effects of interventions on child labour
• Understanding informality and child labour in sub-Saharan Africa
• Understanding and addressing child labour across the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus
• Issue paper on child labour and climate change

Manuals, guidelines and tools

• Ethical guidelines for research on child labour
• Model questionnaire for child labour modular surveys
• Model questionnaire for child labour stand-alone surveys
• Research for Policy Guidance
• Evidence Gap Map on Child Labour
• Interactive tools in sampling with household-based child labour surveys

ICLS and child labour

The International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) is the authoritative body to set global standards in labour statistics. Its 18th session in 2008, adopted the Resolution concerning statistics on child labour setting standards for child labour statistics. In 2018, the 20th ICLS adopted amendments to the 2008 Resolution concerning statistics on child labour to harmonize it with the international statistical standards on work and employment adopted by the 19th ICLS (2013). The ICLS resolution aims to set standards for the collection, compilation and analysis of national child labour statistics, to guide countries in updating their existing statistical system in this field or to establish such a system. The standards should also help to facilitate the international comparability of child labour statistics by minimizing methodological differences across countries.

• Resolution to amend the 18th ICLS resolutions concerning statistics of child labour - 20th ICLS 2018
• Report III - Child labour statistics - 18th ICLS 2008

Child Labor

The Economic Policy Institute’s child labor research examines the role of strong labor standards in ensuring equal economic and educational opportunity for all children. Our work, including ground-breaking research, thought leadership, and advocacy, is focused on assessing the strengths or weaknesses of existing state and federal child labor policies, documenting ongoing coordinated attacks on protections for young workers, and proposing reforms to advance children’s rights to safe, age-appropriate work and fair compensation. As part of this agenda, EPI works in close coordination with partners in the Economic Analysis and Research Network (EARN) and in national child labor coalitions, provides expert analysis to the media and other stakeholders, and seeks to raise awareness through public events.

More states have strengthened child labor laws than weakened them in 2024

This year, state advocates were better equipped to organize in opposition to harmful bills | read the blog, eight states have enacted child labor rollbacks so far in 2024 : thirty-one states have introduced bills to weaken child labor protections since 2021.

Note : "Enacted*" indicates that a state has enacted a bill, but other bills in that state have failed or are pending legislative action. "Mixed" indicates that a state has multiple bills at different stages of the legislative process, but none have been enacted. Map last updated May 30, 2024.

Source: EPI analysis of state legislative activity and news related to child labor legislation.

Copy the code below to embed this chart on your website.

Twenty states have proposed measures to address weak and outdated child labor laws in 2024 alone : Map of state legislation strengthening child labor protections, 2021–2024

Notes : "Enacted*" indicates that a state has enacted a bill, but other bills in that state have failed or are pending legislative action. "Mixed" indicates that a state has multiple bills at different stages of the legislative process, but none have been enacted. Map last updated July 30, 2024.

By Content:

More states have strengthened child labor laws than weakened them in 2024 : this year, state advocates were better equipped to organize in opposition to harmful bills, policies for states and localities to fight oppressive child labor, child labor remains a key state legislative issue in 2024 : state lawmakers must seize opportunities to strengthen standards, resist ongoing attacks on child labor laws, youth subminimum wages and why they should be eliminated : young workers face pay discrimination in 34 states and dc, top epi reports and blogs in 2023 : child labor, economics of abortion bans, and teacher pay among the most read epi research, the rise of u.s. child labor, and how we can fight back, as some states attack child labor protections, other states are strengthening standards, florida legislature proposes dangerous rollback of child labor protections : at least 16 states have introduced bills putting children at risk, states across the country are quietly lowering the alcohol service age : an industry already rife with abuse—including child labor law violations—would like your server to be an underage teenager, iowa governor signs one of the most dangerous rollbacks of child labor laws in the country : 14 states have now introduced bills putting children at risk, child labor laws are under attack in states across the country : amid increasing child labor violations, lawmakers must act to strengthen standards.

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• Volume 8, Issue 1
• Street and working children: perspectives on child labour and child work
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• http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5868-4615 Jónína Einarsdóttir
• Faculty of Sociology, Anthropology and Folkloristics , University of Iceland School of Social Sciences , Reykjavik , Iceland
• Correspondence to Professor Jónína Einarsdóttir; je{at}hi.is

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2024-002953

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• Anthropology
• Low and Middle Income Countries
• Social work
• Child Health
• Health Policy

The 2021 report from the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and UNICEF indicates a stagnation in progress towards eliminating child labour since 2016. 1 While prevalence has declined in Asia, the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has experienced an increase in both the number and percentage of labouring children since 2012, surpassing figures in other regions. Globally, agriculture accounts for the highest proportion of child labour (70%), particularly among younger workers. In SSA, the child labour prevalence among children aged 5–17 stands at 24%, encompassing nearly 87 million children. Moreover, the region exhibits the highest global share of child labourers in agriculture (82%) and the largest proportion of youngest labourers (5–11 years).

The differentiation between child labour and child work is fundamental to the current global approach aimed at eradicating child labour. UNICEF and the ILO define child work as light, age-appropriate tasks within the family context, including assistance with household chores, family businesses and, notably, agriculture. Such work is considered conducive to child development and socialisation without impeding education, health or well-being. Conversely, child labour is often characterised as exploitative and detrimental to children’s mental, physical, social or moral development. It deprives children of their childhood and impedes their educational progress. Child labour frequently involves full-time work at an inappropriately young age, in hazardous conditions or for extended periods. While child work is typically unpaid, child labour may involve remuneration. This distinction, guided by ILO Convention No. 138 on minimum age for employment and ILO Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child labour, forms the foundation for efforts to eradicate all forms of child labour.

Eminent scholars in childhood studies have identified three dominant discourses on child labour in Africa and Asia, regions with high concentrations of labouring children. 2 The first is the work-free childhood perspective, which posits that childhood should be devoid of labour, emphasising education and play as the most appropriate activities for children. This perspective has significantly influenced international policies aimed at ending all child labour. The second, the sociocultural perspective, argues that children’s work must be understood within its specific cultural context. This approach recognises child work as an integral part of socialisation and the transition to adulthood. The third, the political economy perspective, contextualises child labour within broader economic and political transformations, examining the impacts of globalisation and macroeconomic policies, such as structural adjustment programmes, on children’s work.

The three perspectives of child labour in Africa and Asia are underpinned by distinct normative values and ideologies. 2 While the work-free childhood perspective tends to categorise children’s work as either destructive child labour or more acceptable child work, the sociocultural and political economy perspectives conceptualise child work as existing on a continuum. These latter perspectives emphasise the importance of the work context, its nature and its impact on children rather than applying predefined categorisations that reflect Western idealised notions of childhood. An additional emerging perspective, concerned with the local context of children’s lives, advocates for decolonising research on childhood and children’s experiences. 3 The decolonising perspective aims to challenge dominant Northern-centric ideologies, prevalent colonial assumptions, racial discrimination and adultism by incorporating indigenous, decolonial and postcolonial perspectives, particularly in Africa, Latin America and South Asia. It critiques international institutions’ efforts to protect the concept of a ‘global childhood’ through the dismissal of children’s labour as insignificant work and targeting it for elimination.

Upholding children’s voices, ensuring their participation and safeguarding their well-being are central tenets of children’s rights. Working children’s movements in Latin America began to emerge in the late 1970s, with corresponding movements established in Africa and Asia in the 1990s. 4 Their stance aligns with the sociocultural and political economy perspectives outlined above. These movements’ pragmatic agenda reflects their lived experience and opposes one-size-fits-all global policies. They advocate for improved working environments, including safety measures and fair wages, while recognising and opposing exploitation. They argue that appropriate legal frameworks should protect working children’s rights rather than criminalising their work. The working children’s movements call for access to education that allows children to balance work and schooling, professional training tailored to their circumstances and quality healthcare. They demand participation in decisions affecting them locally, nationally and internationally. Instead of criminalising their work and boycotting their products, they argue that the root causes of working children’s situations should be addressed, particularly poverty. Acknowledging that child labour is most prevalent in agriculture, they advocate for enhancing the living conditions of rural children.

The recently published volume ‘Children’s Work in African Agriculture: The Harmful and the Harmless’ challenges conventional approaches to eliminating child labour. 5 It argues for a contextual, relational understanding of children’s work by delineating the diversity of their tasks, economic realities and cultural context. While protection from exploitation remains necessary, the authors contend that, at times, blanket interventions to eliminate child labour cause collateral damage. Furthermore, the current global approach to child labour too often disregards children’s valuable financial contribution to survival and education. For instance, child labour frequently finances school attendance in SSA, a region with the highest number of out-of-school children. Paying particular attention to the concept of harm, the ever-changing, context-dependent line between harm and benefit is highlighted. The volume posits that work in SSA is a normative aspect of rural childhood, imparting vital skills for adult life; however, it concludes that the harmful work of children in African agriculture is not an unavoidable consequence of rural poverty. In line with working children’s movements, the authors advocate for a context-sensitive approach to mitigating harmful work and providing localised child protection, appropriate education, and quality health services.

Considering the high proportion of children in labour in SSA, global policies and interventions to eliminate child labour in recent decades have not been successful. 1 Obviously, age and ability matter in allocating tasks; there is a significant difference between a 6–year-old child and a 16–year-old teenager. However, criminalising working children’s survival strategies and, at times, subjecting their communities to derogatory and demeaning discourses about ‘lost childhoods’ and ‘ingrained cultural traditions and attitudes’ is doomed to fail. It is imperative to adopt alternative approaches against exploitation and harmful conditions for working children while simultaneously enhancing their well-being and future prospects. These must be guided by respect for the communities to which the children belong and children’s rights, not least the right to have a voice and participate in decisions that affect them.

Ethics statements

Patient consent for publication.

Not applicable.

Ethics approval

• ProNATs - Association in support of working children and youth
• Sumberg J ,
• Sabates-Wheeler R

Collaborators This is a personal Viewpoint.

Contributors Imti Choonara, BMJ Paediatrics Open Commissioning Editor (in collaboration with Shanti Raman, PhD, Editor in Chief BMJ Paeds Open) invited me to submit a Viewpoint for Topic Collection: Health and Wellbeing of Street and Working Children in collaboration with the International Society for Social Pediatrics and Child Health (ISSOP). I used Grammarly to enhance the English language.

Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Competing interests No, there are no competing interests.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.

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• v.20(1); Jan-Jun 2011

Child labour issues and challenges

Kalpana srivastava.

Editor, IPJ

“ There can be no keener revelation of a society's soul than the way in which it treats its children .” – Nelson Mandela

Children are future citizens of the Nation and their adequate development is utmost priority of the country. Unfortunately, child labor engulfs children across the world. The world is home to 1.2 billion individuals aged 10-19 years. However, despite its menace in various forms, the data shows variation in prevalence of child labor across the globe and the statistical figures about child labor are very alarming. There are an estimated 186 million child laborers worldwide. The 2001 national census of India estimated total number of child labor aged 5–14 to be at 12.6 million.[ 1 ] Small-scale and community-based studies have found estimated prevalence of 12.6 million children engaged in hazardous occupations. Many children are “hidden workers” working in homes or in the underground economy.[ 2 ] Although the Constitution of India guarantees free and compulsory education to children between the age of 6 to 14 and prohibits employment of children younger than 14 in 18 hazardous occupations, child labor is still prevalent in the informal sectors of the Indian economy.[ 3 ] Child labor violates human rights, and is in contravention of the International Labor Organization (Article 32, Convention Rights of the Child). About one-third of children of the developing world are failing to complete even 4 years of education.[ 4 ] Indian population has more than 17.5 million working children in different industries, and incidentally maximum are in agricultural sector, leather industry, mining and match-making industries, etc.[ 5 ]

The term “child labor” is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical-mental development. It refers to work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children, and interferes with their schooling by depriving them of the opportunity to attend school, obliging them to leave school prematurely or requiring them to attempt to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work. The statistical figures about child workers in the world have variation because of the differences in defining categories of age group and engagement of children in formal and informal sector.[ 6 ]

Child labor continues to be a great concern in many parts of the world. In 2008, some 60% of the 215 million boys and girls were estimated to be child laborers worldwide. Major engagement was in agriculture sector, followed by fisheries, aquaculture, livestock and forestry. In addition to work that interferes with schooling and is harmful to personal development, many of these children work in hazardous occupations or activities that are harmful.[ 7 ] Incidentally, 96% of the child workers are in the developing countries of Africa, Asia and South America. With respect to the child workers between the ages of 5 and 14, Asia makes up 61% of child workers in developing countries, while Africa has 32% and Latin America 7%. Further, while Asia has the highest number of child workers, Africa has the highest prevalence of child labor (40%).[ 8 ]

LAW AND CHILD LABOR

The policy curbing child labor exists but lack of enforcement of labor restrictions perpetuates child labor. This is manifested in variation in minimum age restriction in different types of employment. The International Labor Office reports that children work the longest hours and are the worst paid of all laborers. In India, the Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 and Rules state that no child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupations set forth in Part A of the Schedule or in any workshop wherein any of the processes set forth in Part B of the Schedule is carried on. For this purpose, “child” means a person who has not completed his 14 th year of age. The Act prohibits employment of children in certain specified hazardous occupations and processes and regulates the working conditions in others. The list of hazardous occupations and processes is progressively being expanded on the recommendation of the Child Labor Technical Advisory Committee constituted under the Act.[ 9 ]

FORMS OF CHILD LABOR

Children are employed in both formal and informal sectors. Among the occupations wherein children are engaged in work are construction work, domestic work and small-scale industries. Incidentally, agriculture is not only the oldest but also the most common child occupation worldwide. Some of the industries that depend on child labor are bangle-making, beedi-making, power looms and manufacturing processes. These industries use toxic metals and substances such as lead, mercury, manganese, chromium, cadmium, benzene, pesticides and asbestos. Child labor is very harmful and wholehearted efforts to eliminate this should be done.[ 10 ]

THE CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD LABOR

The negative impact on the physiological and psychological levels of children includes specific concerns of child labor and its consequences on mental health. It is worth noting that one-third of children of the developing world are failing to complete even 4 years of education.[ 6 ] The analysis of factors leading to engagement of children in hazardous factors elucidated socioeconomic factors as one of the important determinants. Poverty is considered as one of the contributory factors in child labor.[ 11 ]

Mental well being is less frequently researched in child labor.[ 12 ] A retrospective cohort study in Morocco randomly examined 200 children working in the handicraft sector and found a high prevalence of respiratory, digestive and skin conditions, as well as mental health presentations such as migraines, insomnia, irritability, enuresis and asthenia.[ 13 ]

In a cross-sectional survey, urban Lebanese children aged 10–17, working full-time in small industrial shops, were compared with non-working matched school children. Majority of them had poor physical health, predominantly marked with skin lesions or ear complaints and social care needs.[ 14 ] Similarly, authors aimed to find out consequences in children in Lebanon exposed to solvents, and found significantly higher rates of lightheadedness, fatigue, impaired memory and depression compared with a non-exposed group.[ 15 ] A cross-sectional study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, used diagnostic interviews to assess prevalence of mental disorders in 528 child laborers and street workers, child domestics and private enterprise workers aged between 5 and 15 years. The prevalence of mental disorders was noted to be as high as 20.1% compared with 12.5% in the general population.[ 16 ] Further study to establish the association between labor-related variables and mental health problems was carried out among 780 children engaged in labor (aged 9–18 years) in the Gaza Strip. Mental health problems of children in labor were likely to be associated with socioeconomic determinants as well as factors related to their underage employment.[ 17 ]

The physical and social consequences are deliberated by researchers; however, mental health area has not been explored so much. Studies are lacking even in Indian scenario regarding impact of child labor on mental health.

INTERVENTION AND CHILD LABOR

Education is a very important part of development. Children who are drawn to child labor are basically driven because of economic deprivation, lack of schooling and engagement of family for daily needs. Studies have found low enrollment with increased rates of child employment. Schools are the platform for early intervention against child labor, as it restricts their participation in menial jobs. Hurdles in this approach are economic reasons. Unless economic change is brought about, the children will not be able to attend the school. Child labor can be controlled by economic development increasing awareness and making education affordable across all levels, and enforcement of anti child labor laws.[ 18 ]

The Government of India has taken certain initiatives to control child labor. The National Child Labor Project (NCLP) Scheme was launched in 9 districts of high child labor endemicity in the country. Under the scheme, funds are given to the District Collectors for running special schools for child labor. Most of these schools are run by the NGOs in the district. Under the scheme, these children are provided formal/informal education along with vocational training, and a stipend of Rs. 100 per month. Health check-up is also done for them.

Poverty is one of the important factors for this problem. Hence, enforcement alone cannot help solve it. The Government has been laying a lot of emphasis on the rehabilitation of these children and on improving the economic conditions of their families.

Many NGOs like CARE India, Child Rights and You, Global March Against Child Labor, etc., have been working to eradicate child labor in India. The child labor can be stopped when knowledge is translated into legislation and action, moving good intention and ideas into protecting the health of the children. The endurance of young children is higher and they cannot protest against discrimination. Focusing on grassroots strategies to mobilize communities against child labor and reintegration of child workers into their homes and schools has proven crucial to breaking the cycle of child labor. A multidisciplinary approach involving specialists with medical, psychological and socio-anthropological level is needed to curb this evil.[ 19 ]

It is in this context that we have to take a relook at the landmark passing of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009, which marks a historic moment for the children of India. For the first time in India's history, children will be guaranteed their right to quality elementary education by the state with the help of families and communities. The world cannot reach its goal to have every child complete primary school by 2015 without India. Although there have been significant improvements in the proportion of children from socially disadvantaged groups in school, gaps still remain. Girls are still less likely to enroll in school than boys; in 2005, for upper primary school (Grades 6–8) girls’ enrollment was still 8.8 points lower than boys, for Scheduled Tribes (ST) the gender gap was 12.6 points and it was 16 points for Scheduled Castes (SC). RTE provides a ripe platform to reach the unreached, with specific provisions for disadvantaged groups such as child laborers, migrant children, children with special needs, or those who have a “disadvantage owing to social, cultural economical, geographical, linguistic, gender or such other factors.” Bringing 8 million out-of-school children into classes at the age-appropriate level with the support to stay in school and succeed poses a major challenge. Substantial efforts are essential to eliminate disparities and ensure quality with equity. Successful implementation of the Act would certainly go a long way in eradicating child labor in India.

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The world has accomplished progress in human right and child education under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); the goal that comprises end modern slavery and human trafficking and secures the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labor in all its forms, nevertheless, child labor issues are continuing to spread to many countries in the world. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to address the issue of child labor and factor that help to eliminate child labor issues in Malaysia. Data were collected through an online survey; the participants included twenty-nine (29) Malaysian civil services. The finding of this research indicated that, although the cost for hiring the children is low compare to the adult as highlighted in supply and demand side, few factors preventing community to use the child as a laborer like religion, awareness/knowledge, humanity, ethic, and culture, theref...

Sweta Dvivedi

The problem of child labour is a global problem. Large numbers of children are involved in agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, mining, and domestic works. Some of them are involved in very hazardous work as well as in illicit activities like the child trafficking, drug trade and serving as soldiers. These works keep them far from the school as well as block their physical and mental development. In India there is a large number of child labourers. According to ILO, India has the largest number of children labourers than any other country in the world. No doubt, our second largest population in the world is a major factor of this problem but this is not only the factor of this problem. This paper discusses about the factors which are root cause for child labour.

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The concepts of child labor and child education both are inversely linked with each other in terms of execution. Child labor does not allow child education and vice versa. Between the two types of economic ideologies normative approach promote child education but other ideology i.e. positive approach have preferred child labor. It is factual that, child labor, however, become a burden for every economy. It is a serious problem in any nation. Economy never accepts child labor and the high volume of child labor creates liability on economy. Any job of children always treated as the problem of underemployment through the labor market framework and all child work are strongly prohibited by ILO. The main aims of this paper find out the basic causes of children are recognized as child labor and try to know the causes behind existence a negative relationship between child education and child labor. In Bangladesh, the volume of child labor is so high, near about 4.7 million children, age limit of 5-14 years of age were economically active and percentage of labor force participation rate was 13.4 in the year 2002-03 [National Child Labor Survey (NCLS)]. On the other hand, the figure of informal activities of children is higher than above figure. If we compare with South–Asia, our labor force participation rate is higher than rest of the nations. So policy maker should concentrate to ameliorate education of children and reduce child participation (reduce in number) in economic activity as well as unpaid work.

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81 Child Labor Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best child labor topic ideas & essay examples, 💡 interesting topics to write about child labor, 📑 good research topics about child labor.

• Causes and Effects of Child Labor According to van Wormer and Link, it is necessary to distinguish between the two variations above, and the second type of child labor is a severe problem both for developed and developing states.
• Child Slave Labor in Cadbury Chocolate Company The accusations of slave and child labor in the cocoa chain negative impacted the Cadbury Company significantly. Justice for the employees should be paid instead of enslavement and impartiality by Cadbury and the company should […]
• Samsung’s Ethical Dilemma of Child Labor The paper will critically analyze the ethical dimensions of the dilemma from the perspective of the utilitarian ethical theory. It will be argued that according to the fundamental principles of the theory, the company’s behavior […]
• Problem of Child Labor in Modern Society According to the International Labor Organization, these are the worst forms of child labor. There are emerging cases of child labor in the third world nations.
• Child Labor in the Fast Fashion Industry To free girls from this choice and reduce the presence of kids in factories, it is necessary to combat poverty in rural areas actively.
• The Injustice of Child Labor in Charles Dickens’s Novels Rapid industrialization and urbanization, which occurred due to the population explosion, led to the creation of a dirty and noisy city, which was a hard place to live in for the poor.
• Child Labor Issue According to the Human Rights The International Labor Organization defines child labor as “work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential, and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development”1 Being a United Nations agency, ILO […]
• Globalization and the Economics of Child Labor In his article “Globalization and the Economics of Child Labor”, Edmond Eric advances that globalization has resulted in a significant reduction in child labor throughout the world.
• Child Labor in the United Kingdom: Sadler’s Report Sadler used the hearing to educate the members of the House of Commons on how these children were treated at work.
• Nestle Company’s Child Labor and Business Ethics The researchers observed that the company was embracing the use of child labor. The important issue to consider when analyzing the validity of this moral concern is the rights of young children.
• Child Labor in Brazil and Related Issues Around the globe, the participation of young children in work has become detrimental to their development and inhibiting the attainment of their potential. As aforementioned the cheap source of labor is exploited in the production […]
• Addressing Child Labor and Exploitation Issues There is not enough food for all children in the family, and the responsibility for survival is on the child instead of their parents. The second root of the problem is the level of the […]
• Examining Street-Based Child Labor Amongst Syrian Refugees in Lebanon The research aims at answering the following question, “What are the legal and social improvements that should be made to improve the situation of Syrian refugee children working on the streets of Lebanon via the […]
• Tackling Child Labor as the CEO of H&M Even though in its vision, H&M claims that it supports and fosters self-autonomy and sustainability in suppliers, the company has generated a number of controversies regarding child labor.
• Child Labor: Decreasing Negative Effects To achieve this goal, it is essential to discuss particular approaches for decreasing the negative effects of child labor found in the scholarly literature on the topic.
• Child Labor in India, Nigeria and the Philippines Ali and Khan fail to critically approach the notion of institutionalization of child labor in India, merely stating that the phenomenon is widespread.
• Child Labor Protection and Solutions In the situation when there is no chance to get a high-quality education, sometimes a work may help children to acquire skills necessary to succeed in the future.
• Unethical Child Labor on Sugarcane Plantations This situation leads to a high percentage of the illiterate population in the Philippines and consequently creates obstacles for the development of the country in terms of culture and technologies.
• Long Hours, Meager Wages: Child Labor Continues in Myanmar The purpose of this paper is to summarize the key points of the article and provide the economic analysis of the issue presented in Saberi’s article with the focus on major economic models related to […]
• Child Labor, Great Depression and World War II in Photographs The impression is of isolation and yearning for daylight, freedom, and a childhood foregone, in the midst of a machine-dominated world.
• Child Labor in Turkish Cotton Industry The global initiatives pertaining to child labor have been successful to a great extent in reducing the instances of child labor in the developing countries. Among the workers who work in the fields, the percentage […]
• Child Labor and U.S. Industrialization Improvements to labor laws and an intensified focus on the human rights issue that child labor represents in more recent years have diminished the prevalence of child labor somewhat.
• Child Labor in Workhouses and Mines in England At the same time, in the mills and workhouses young children were exposed to long hours of physically hard labor and experienced severe lack of rest and sleep.
• Criminal Law: Child Protection from Pornography and Labor There is a need for the involvement of the community and organization of goodwill, in the alleviation of poverty and suffering of children.
• Child Labor in Poor and Developing Nations They are forced to depend on manual jobs for the rest of their lives, ultimately leading to child labor in each generation, more poor children and more communities with undercutting wages.
• Labor Economics: Child Labor In another observation, Chau believes that the practice may be developed by the myth that children’s’ way of doing things better than adults would make them the appropriate substitute in the labor market.
• Abstinence From Child Labor and Profit Seeking
• Why Child Labor Should Be Stopped
• Child Labor and Conflict: Evidence From Afghanistan
• Physical and Psychological Implications of Risky Child Labor
• Challenges That Activists Face When Campaigning Against Child Labor
• The Impact of Child Labor and School Quality on Academic Achievement
• Globalization and the Economics of Child Labor
• Child Labor: Lessons From the Historical Experience of Today’s Industrial Economies
• Child Labor in American-Based Companies
• Fair Trade Labels: Is It Effective Against Child Labor?
• Child Labor and Slavery in the Chocolate Industry
• Pros and Cons of Child Labor in the Globalized World
• Business Ethics: Child Labor at Wal-Mart
• Child Labor Across the Developing World: Patterns & Correlations
• Cross-Cultural Ethics and the Child Labor Problem
• Does Child Labor Reduce Youth Crime?
• Child Labor and Physical Punishment in Victorian England
• IKEA Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor
• Child Labor and Schooling: Consequences of Child Work on Educational Attainment
• Corporate Social Responsibility to Eliminate Child Labor
• Demand for Child Labor in a Dynamic North-South Trade Model
• United Nation’s Preventive Measures Against Child Labor
• Child Labor and the Family Economy During the Industrial Revolution
• When Will Child Labor Cease to Exist?
• Child Labor: Exploited and Abused Youth at Work
• Child Labor and the Social Disease of Poverty
• Long-Term Health and Socioeconomic Consequences of Child Labor
• Educational Attainment and Child Labor: Do Subsidies Work?
• Child Labor: Causes, Consequences, and the Cure
• How Child Labor Affects the Demand for Adult Labor
• Fighting the Child Labor: An Economic Perspective
• Industrialization and Child Labor: The Case of Cocoa in West Africa
• U.S. Trade and Other Policy Options and Programs to Deter Foreign Exploitation of Child Labor
• Parental Attitudes Toward Children and Child Labor
• Labor Market Reform and Incidence of Child Labor in a Developing Economy
• School Attendance and Child Labor: A Model of Collective Behavior
• It’s Not Child Labor – It’s Child Abuse!
• Prostitution and Child Labor in the Philippines and India
• Rising Child Labor as a Symptom of Capitalist Sickness
• Why Children Enter Child Labor
• Moral and Ethical Issues Surrounding the Use of Child Labor in the Global Economy
• It Starts With Consumers: Tackling Child Labor
• The Horrors of Child Labor in the Mining Industry
• Global Child Labor Problem: What Do We Know and What Can We Do
• Rescuing Children From the Hands of Child Labor
• Child Labor in the 19th Century: Were American Parents Selfish?
• Victoria’s Little Secret: Addressing Child Labor
• Employment and Working Conditions of Child Labor
• Globalization & Consumerism Impact on Child Labor Incidence
• Trade Sanctions in Reducing Child Labor: The Role of Credit Markets
• Industrial Revolution Research Ideas
• Work Environment Research Topics
• Homelessness Questions
• Child Welfare Essay Ideas
• Poverty Essay Titles
• Consumerism Topics
• Minimum Wage Research Ideas
• Unemployment Essay Topics
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2023, September 26). 81 Child Labor Essay Topic Ideas & Examples. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/child-labor-essay-topics/

"81 Child Labor Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." IvyPanda , 26 Sept. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/topic/child-labor-essay-topics/.

IvyPanda . (2023) '81 Child Labor Essay Topic Ideas & Examples'. 26 September.

IvyPanda . 2023. "81 Child Labor Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." September 26, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/child-labor-essay-topics/.

1. IvyPanda . "81 Child Labor Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." September 26, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/child-labor-essay-topics/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "81 Child Labor Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." September 26, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/child-labor-essay-topics/.

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Money blog: Oasis resale U-turn as official reseller lowers fee amid criticism

The Money blog is your place for consumer and personal finance news and tips. Today's posts include Twickets lowering fees for Oasis tickets, the extension of the Household Support Fund and O2 Priority axing free Greggs. Listen to a Daily podcast on the Oasis ticket troubles as you scroll.

Monday 2 September 2024 20:11, UK

• Oasis resale U-turn as Twickets lowers fee after criticism
• Millions to get cost of living payments this winter as scheme extended
• O2 Priority customers fume as Greggs perk scaled back
• Listen to the Daily above and tap here to follow wherever you get your podcasts

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Twickets has announced it is lowering its charges after some Oasis fans had to pay more than £100 in extra fees to buy official resale tickets.

The site is where the band themselves is directing people to buy second-hand tickets for face value - having warned people against unofficial third party sellers like StubHub and Viagogo.

One person branded the extra fees "ridiculous" (see more in 10.10 post), after many people had already been left disappointed at the weekend when Ticketmaster's dynamic pricing pushed tickets up by three times the original advertised fee.

Twickets said earlier that it typically charged a fee of 10-15% of the face value of the tickets.

But it has since said it will lower the charge due to "exceptional demand" from Oasis fans - taking ownership of an issue in a way fans will hope others follow. 

Richard Davies, Twickets founder, told the Money blog: "Due to the exceptional demand for the Oasis tour in 2025, Twickets have taken the decision to lower our booking fee to 10% and a 1% transactional fee (to cover bank charges) for all buyers of their tickets on our platform. In addition we have introduced a fee cap of £25 per ticket for these shows. Sellers of tickets already sell free of any Twickets charge.

"This ensures that Twickets remains hugely competitive against the secondary market, including sites such as Viagogo, Gigsberg and StubHub.

"Not only do these platforms inflate ticket prices way beyond their original face value but they also charge excessive booking fees, usually in the region of 30-40%. Twickets by comparison charges an average fee of around 12.5%"

The fee cap, which the Money blog understands is being implemented today, will apply to anyone who has already bought resale tickets through the site.

Mr Davies said Twickets was a "fan first" resale site and a "safe and affordable place" for people to trade unwanted tickets.

"The face value of a ticket is the total amount it was first purchased for, including any booking fee. Twickets does not set the face value price, that is determined by the event and the original ticketing company. The price listed on our platform is set by the seller, however no one is permitted to sell above the face-value on Twickets, and every ticket is checked before listing that it complies with this policy," he said.

Meanwhile, hundreds of people have complained to the regulator about how Oasis tickets were advertised ahead of going on sale. 

The Advertising Standards Authority said it had received 450 complaints about Ticketmaster adverts for the gigs.

Some  expressed their anger on social media , as tickets worth £148 were being sold for £355 on the site within hours of release, due to the "dynamic pricing" systems.

A spokesperson from ASA said the complainants argue that the adverts made "misleading claims about availability and pricing".

They added: "We're carefully assessing these complaints and, as such, can't comment any further at this time.

"To emphasise, we are not currently investigating these ads."

Ticketmaster said it does not set prices and its website says this is down to the "event organiser" who "has priced these tickets according to their market value".

Despite traditionally being an affordable staple of British cuisine, the average price for a portion of fish and chips has risen by more than 50% in the past five years to nearly £10, according to the Office for National Statistics.

Sonny and Shane "the codfather" Lee told Sky News of the challenges that owning J-Henry's Fish and Chip Shop brings and why prices have skyrocketed. 

"Potatoes, fish, utilities, cooking oil - so many things [are going up]," he said. 

Shane also said that he is used to one thing at a time increasing in price, but the outlook today sees multiple costs going up all at once.  

"Potatoes [were] priced right up to about £25 a bag - the previous year it was about £10 a bag," Sonny said, noting a bad harvest last year. 

He said the business had tried hake as a cheaper fish option, but that consumers continued to prefer the more traditional, but expensive, cod and haddock. 

"It's hard and we can we can absorb the cost to a certain extent, but some of it has to be passed on," Shane added. 

After a long Saturday for millions of Oasis fans in online queues, the culture secretary says surge pricing - which pushed the price of some tickets up by three times their original advertised value to nearly £400 - will be part of the government's review of the ticket market. 

On today's episode of the Daily podcast, host Niall Paterson speaks to secondary ticketing site Viagogo. While it wasn’t part of dynamic pricing, it has offered resale tickets for thousands of pounds since Saturday. 

Matt Drew from the company accepts the industry needs a full review, while Adam Webb, from the campaign group FanFair Alliance, explains the changes it would like to see.

We've covered the fallout of the Oasis sale extensively in the Money blog today - see the culture secretary's comments on the "utterly depressing" inflated pricing in our post at 6.37am, and Twickets, the official Oasis resale site, slammed by angry fans for its "ridiculous" added fees at 10.10am.

The growing backlash culminated in action from Twickets - the company said it would lower its charges after some fans had to pay more than £100 in extra fees for resale tickets (see post at 15.47).

Tap here to follow the Daily podcast - 20 minutes on the biggest stories every day

Last week we reported that employers will have to offer flexible working hours - including a four-day week - to all workers under new government plans.

To receive their full pay, employees would still have to work their full hours but compressed into a shorter working week - something some workplaces already do.

Currently, employees can request flexible hours as soon as they start at a company but employers are not legally obliged to agree.

The Labour government now wants to make it so employers have to offer flexible hours from day one, except where it is "not reasonably feasible".

You can read more of the details in this report by our politics team:

But what does the public think about this? We asked our followers on LinkedIn to give their thoughts in an unofficial poll.

It revealed that the overwhelming majority of people support the idea to compress the normal week's hours into fewer days - some 83% of followers said they'd choose this option over a standard five-day week.

But despite the poll showing a clear preference for a compressed week, our followers appeared divided in the comments.

"There's going to be a huge brain-drain as people move away from companies who refuse to adapt with the times and implement a 4 working week. This will be a HUGE carrot for many orgs," said Paul Burrows, principal software solutions manager at Reality Capture.

Louise McCudden, head of external affairs at MSI Reproductive Choices, said she wasn't surprised at the amount of people choosing longer hours over fewer days as "a lot of people" are working extra hours on a regular basis anyway.

But illustrator and administrative professional Leslie McGregor noted the plan wouldn't be possible in "quite a few industries and quite a few roles, especially jobs that are customer centric and require 'round the clock service' and are heavily reliant upon people in trades, maintenance, supply and transport". 

"Very wishful thinking," she said.

Paul Williamson had a similar view. He said: "I'd love to know how any customer first service business is going to manage this."

We reported earlier that anyone with O2 Priority will have their free weekly Greggs treats replaced by £1 monthly Greggs treats - see 6.21am post.

But did you know there are loads of other ways to get food from the nation's most popular takeaway for free or at a discount?

Downloading the Greggs app is a good place to start - as the bakery lists freebies, discounts and special offers there regularly. 

New users also get rewards just for signing up, so it's worth checking out. 

And there's a digital loyalty card which you can add virtual "stamps" to with each purchase to unlock discounts or other freebies.  

Vodafone rewards

Seriously begrudged Virgin Media O2 customers may want to consider switching providers. 

The Vodafone Rewards app, VeryMe, sometimes gives away free Greggs coffees, sausage rolls, sweet treats and more to customers.

Monzo bank account holders can grab a sausage roll (regular or vegan), regular sized hot drink, doughnut or muffin every week. 

Birthday cake

Again, you'll need the Greggs award app for this one - which will allow you to claim one free cupcake, cream cake or doughnut for your birthday each year.

Octopus customers

Octopus Energy customers with smart meters can claim one free drink each week, in-store from Greggs (or Caffè Nero).

The Greggs freebie must be a regular size hot drink.

Make new friends

If you're outgoing (and hungry), it may be worth befriending a Greggs staff member.

The staff discount at Greggs is 50% on own-produced goods and 25% off branded products. 

If you aren't already aware, Iceland offers four Greggs sausage rolls in a multi-pack for £3. 

That means, if you're happy to bake it yourself, you'll only be paying 74p per sausage roll. 

Millions of Britons could receive extra cash to help with the cost of living this winter after the government extended the Household Support Fund.

A £421m pot will be given to local councils in England to distribute, while £79m will go to the devolved administrations.

The fund will now be available until April 2025 having been due to run out this autumn.

Councils decide how to dish out their share of the fund but it's often via cash grants or vouchers.

Many councils also use the cash to work with local charities and community groups to provide residents with key appliances, school uniforms, cookery classes and items to improve energy efficiency in the home.

Chancellor Rachel Reeves said: "The £22bn blackhole inherited from the previous governments means we have to take tough decisions to fix the foundations of our economy.

"But extending the Household Support Fund is the right thing to do - provide targeted support for those who need it most as we head into the winter months."

The government has been criticised for withdrawing universal winter fuel payments for pensioners of up to £300 this winter - with people now needing to be in receipt of certain means-tested benefits to qualify.

People should contact their local council for details on how to apply for the Household Support Fund - they can find their council  here .

Lloyds Bank app appears to have gone down for many, with users unable to see their transactions. 

Down Detector, which monitors site outages, has seen more than 600 reports this morning.

It appears to be affecting online banking as well as the app.

There have been some suggestions the apparent issue could be due to an update.

Another disgruntled user said: "Absolutely disgusting!! I have an important payment to make and my banking is down. There was no warning given prior to this? Is it a regular maintenance? Impossible to get hold of someone to find out."

A Lloyds Bank spokesperson told Sky News: "We know some of our customers are having issues viewing their recent transactions and our app may be running slower than usual.

"We're sorry about this and we're working to have everything back to normal soon."

We had anger of unofficial resale prices, then Ticketmaster's dynamic pricing - and now fees on the official resale website are causing consternation among Oasis fans.

The band has encouraged anyone wanting resale tickets to buy them at face value from Ticketmaster or Twickets - after some appeared for £6,000 or more on other sites.

"Tickets appearing on other secondary ticketing sites are either counterfeit or will be cancelled by the promoters," Oasis said.

With that in mind, fans flocked to buy resale tickets from the sites mentioned above - only to find further fees are being added on. 

Mainly Oasis, a fan page, shared one image showing a Twickets fee for two tickets as high as £138.74. 

"Selling the in demand tickets completely goes against the whole point of their company too… never mind adding a ridiculous fee on top of that," the page shared. 

Fan Brad Mains shared a photo showing two tickets priced at £337.50 each (face value of around £150, but increased due to dynamic pricing on Saturday) - supplemented by a £101.24 Twickets fee. 

That left him with a grand total of £776.24 to pay for two tickets.

"Actually ridiculous this," he  said on X .

"Ticketmaster inflated price then sold for 'face value' on Twickets with a £100 fee. 2 x £150 face value tickets for £776, [this] should be illegal," he added. 

Twickets typically charges between 10-15% of the ticket value as its own fee. 

We have approached the company for comment.

Separately, the government is now looking at the practice of dynamic pricing - and we've had a response to that from the Competition and Markets Authority this morning.

It said: "We want fans to get a fair deal when they go to buy tickets on the secondary market and have already taken action against major resale websites to ensure consumer law is being followed properly. 

"But we think more protections are needed for consumers here, so it is positive that the government wants to address this. We now look forward to working with them to get the best outcomes for fans and fair-playing businesses."

Consumer protection law does not ban dynamic pricing and it is a widely used practice. However, the law also states that businesses should not mislead consumers about the price they must pay for a product, either by providing false or deceptive information or by leaving out important information or providing it too late.

By James Sillars , business reporter

It's a false start to the end of the summer holidays in the City.

While London is mostly back at work, trading is fairly subdued due to the US Labor (that's labour, as in work) Day holiday.

US markets will not open again until Tuesday.

There's little direction across Europe with the FTSE 100 trading nine points down at 8,365.

Leading the gainers was Rightmove - up 24%. The property search website is the subject of a possible cash and shares takeover offer by Australian rival REA.

The company is a division of Rupert Murdoch's News Corp.

One other point to note is the continuing fluctuation in oil prices.

Brent crude is 0.7% down at the start of the week at $76.

Dragging the cost lower is further evidence of weaker demand in China.

Australia's REA Group is considering a takeover of Rightmove, in a deal which could be worth about £4.36bn.

REA Group said in a statement this morning there are "clear similarities" between the companies, which have "highly aligned cultural values".

Rightmove is the UK's largest online property portal, while REA is Australia's largest property website. 

It employs more than 2,800 people and is majority-owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corp,.

REA Group said: "REA sees a transformational opportunity to apply its globally leading capabilities and expertise to enhance customer and consumer value across the combined portfolio, and to create a global and diversified digital property company, with number one positions in Australia and the UK.

"There can be no certainty that an offer will be made, nor as to the terms on which any offer may be made."

Rightmove has been approached for comment.

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